SOLUTION

The health problems are:

a.   Red, itchy and watery eyes

b.   Sore throat

c.   Runny nose

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Dumping of industrial waste into the water bodies is depicted in the image.

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Pollution is the introduction of various harmful substances in the surrounding that makes the environment unhealthy to live in.

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Ever increasing air pollution is the cause of Global Warming.

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Global Warming is the average increase in the temperature of the earth.

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When people cut down forests, not only do the wild animals lose their habitat but also it leads to an increase in the air pollution as fewer trees are equal to less oxygen.

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The two steps are:

a.   Using both sides of the paper.

b.   Using jute bags instead of plastic bags.

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We get compost when we recycle fruit and vegetable waste.

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The two pollutants are:

a.   Pesticides

b.   Insecticides

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Disagree

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The wedding processions can be a source of noise pollution.

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Weather is the temporary condition of the atmosphere of an area.

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Climate is the average weather of a place over many years.

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Cold currents are cold winds that lowers the temperature of the coastal areas.

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Warm currents are hot winds that increase the temperature of the coastal areas.

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The region present between the tropical and polar regions have a temperate climate.

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The regions near the equator have a polar climate.

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The regions near the equator have a tropical climate.

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The sea affects the climate of a place. Coastal areas are cooler and wetter than inland areas. The sea is cooler than the land in summer, but warmer in winter. This is because it takes the sea a long time to heat up, but it is slower to cool down than the land.

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Consequences of changing climate:

• Ruined forests
• Extinction of some plant species
• Endanger many animals
• More frequent storms
• More frequent floods
• More earthquakes
• Rising sea level
• In polar regions, melting ice takes away the home of polar bears

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Ocean currents can increase or reduce temperatures.

Warm current –increases the temperature of the coastal areas.

Cold current –lowers the temperature of the coastal areas.

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The areas near the equator receive more sunlight than anywhere else on the earth such as Colombia or Somalia.

Whereas, the areas away from the equator and near the poles have cooler climate. For example, polar regions like Nuuk or Narsaq in Greenland.

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The following factors determine the climate of a place:

• Distance from the equator
• Distance from the sea
• Ocean currents
• Direction of prevailing winds
• Shape of the land (relief)
• Human activities

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Days and nights are formed when the Sun shines on one half of the Earth but the other half is in darkness. Normally, for the brighter half it is day time but for the darker half it is night.

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We live on planet earth - just one of eight planets in our solar system. The Sun is in the centre of our solar system and it is our light source.

All the planets move around the Sun.

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Our atmosphere is a mixture of gases that surround the Earth. It is kept in place by the pull of Earth's gravity.

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d.moon revolves around earth

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a. earth rotation

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Although moon does not have its own light but it shines because it reflects the light of the Sun that falls on it.

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1. Torrid zone
2. Temperate zone
3. Frigid zone

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The condition of the atmosphere at a particular place and time is called weather.

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We get limestone from the bottom of the sea. Sea animals have shells made up of lime. When they die, their shells get deposited over each other.

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Rocks are important for human civilization. They are used in:

1. Construction
2. Building of roads
3. Artifacts
4. Jewellery

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This is the picture of lava. It is the molten form of rock.

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When igneous rocks break down over a period of time by the action of wind and water, they get deposited in layers. After a long time, these layers turn into sedimentary rocks.

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When the molten lava from the volcano cools, it forms a hard rock. This rock is igneous rock. Ex: granite and pumice

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rock cycle is a series of events through which a rock changes over time, between igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic forms.

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Volcanoes situated under water are known as submarine volcanoes.

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An extinct volcano is one which hasn’t erupted in the recorded history. For ex: Mount Kenya

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A dormant volcano is the one which hasn’t erupted in the past 2000 years. For ex: Morne Diablotins in Dominica.

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The Sun causes changes in weather and seasons because it heats the earth unevenly.

This happens because the earth is continuously revolving around the Sun in a fixed orbit. Thus, at a given time only half of the earth is facing the Sun. So, the part of earth near the Sun receives more sunlight and has longer and warmer days. Whereas, the other part of the earth, has shorter and cooler days and so it has winter season.

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The Sun plays an important role in blowing of winds. The air gets heated up due to the heat of the Sun. This heated air becomes lighter and rises. To fill its space, cool air which is heavier comes in. This movement continues and causes winds.

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Answers may vary.

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1. climate
2. tropical
3. frigid
4. moderate

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The tropical zone of the earth is located between the equator and the tropic of Cancer in the Northern hemisphere, and between equator And Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern hemisphere.

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Frigid zones are the areas between the Arctic circle and North pole in the Northern hemisphere, and between the Antarctic Circle and the South pole in the Southern hemisphere.

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Mawsynram in Meghalaya

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Rain gauge

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Active volcanoes are usually found in the Pacific Ring of Fire.

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When a volcano erupts regularly, it is known as an active volcano. For ex: The Mauna Loa volcano

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When magma reaches the surface of the earth, it is known as lava.

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Whenever a weak spot occurs on the surface, the boiling liquid called magma along with ash and steam come out onto the earth’s surface. This is called a volcano.

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The other name for the outer core is NIFE because it is made up of nickel (Ni) and iron (Fe).

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Core comprises 16% of the earth’s volume. There is tremendous pressure and temperature at the core.

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Mantle has two parts. The upper mantle is solid rock and the lower mantle is in molten rock form. It contains iron and magnesium and the temperature ranges from 500 degree Celsius to 900 degree Celsius. 

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It is a diamond.

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It is a metamorphic rock.

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The crust has continents and oceans on its surface.

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Winds tend to flow in a particular direction in different parts of the world. They may be hot, cool or full of moisture, depending on where they come from. For example: the hot winds of Thar Desert make Delhi very hot during summer. Thus, the climate of an area is affected by the winds.

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The frigid zones receive very little heat from the Sun. They are very cold, and large parts are covered with snow throughout the year.

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The area on both sides of equator, between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn is called the tropical zone or Torrid Zone. It is hot throughout the year.

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Water heats up and cools more slowly than land. This affects the climate of places near the sea. They are warmer in winter and cooler in summer than places far away from the sea. This makes the climate of these places moderate.

SOLUTION

1. True
2. True
3. True
4. False
5. False

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The Torrid Zone receives maximum sunlight and has a hot climate throughout the year.

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The temperate zones have a mild climate. They are neither very hot nor very cold.

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Climate is defined as the weather of a place over a long period of time.

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1. Distance from the equator
2. Distance from the sea
3. Height above the sea level
4. Rainfall and blowing wind

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a. False

b. True

c. True

d. False

e. False

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The types of pollution in the image are:

a.   Noise pollution

b.   Air pollution

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Insecticides and pesticides pollute the soil and at times seep into the water table. The vegetation grown on such soil is harmful for human health.

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The activity depicted in the image is that of tree cutting. When trees are cut, it results in elevated air pollution.

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Noise Induced Hearing Loss

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No, disagree.

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Some of the health hazards are:

a.   Anger

b.   Stress

c.   Hearing loss

d.   High blood pressure

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Exposure to loud noise which is unbearable to the ears creates noise pollution.

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This waste is biodegradable in nature.

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Land pollution disrupts the balance in nature and in extreme cases, causes fatalities.

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Non biodegradable waste is that which cannot be decomposed by natural elements.

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Some examples are:

a.   Vegetable peels

b.   Natural fibres

c.   Animal waste

d.   Paper

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Biodegradable waste is capable of being decomposed by natural elements.

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The image depicts a landfill.

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Some diseases are:

a.   Typhoid

b.   Liver damage

c.   Diarrhea

d.   Hepatitis

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Some of the sea animals are:

a.   Dolphins

b.   Turtles

c.   Sea birds

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The water from this pond should not be used for drinking without any filtration.

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The image depicts an oil spill.

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The consequence of long exposure to noise can be deafness.

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Deforestation is the excessive cutting of trees resulting in the destruction of forest life.

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Smog

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We should use both sides of the paper as it takes a lot of trees to manufacture a small amount of paper.

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The object in the image is a loudspeaker. It can be a source of noise pollution.

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Three causes are:

a.   Pesticides

b.   Deforestation

c.    Spraying chemicals

SOLUTION

Disagree