SOLUTION

?: is conditional operator. It can be used as follows: expression1 ?expressiion 2: expression3;

SOLUTION

Compound statement is a group of statements enclosed by a pair of braces ( { } ).

SOLUTION

The invalid statement is Sum=0 It should be int sum = 0;

SOLUTION

Correct code is:

  do
  while(value >=9)

SOLUTION

exit( ) function is a standard library function that helps us break out of a program.

SOLUTION

goto is a jump statement. The taget destination of a goto statement is marked by label.

SOLUTION

C++ has four statements that cause unconditionally branch: return, goto, break, and continue.

SOLUTION

The target destination of a goto statement is marked by label.The target goto and label must appear in the same function.

SOLUTION

Since ’y’ is character literal and we are comparing it with ans by using comparison operator(= =).

SOLUTION

? is a conditional operator and checks whether condition is true or false. if condition is true following statements are executed otherwise not. thus it works similar to if statement.

SOLUTION

Conditional expression is the basis for selection and iteration statements.

SOLUTION

A goto statement uses label. A goto statement causes your program to unconditionally transfer control anywhere in the program or to the statement associated with the label specified on the goto statement.

SOLUTION

The syntax of a for loop is: for (initialization expression; test expression; update expression) body of the loop;

SOLUTION

Jump statements are statements that unconditionally transfer program control. There are following jump statements: return, goto, continue, break.

SOLUTION

Time delay or infinite loop can be created by for(; ; )

SOLUTION

exit( ) function causes the program to terminate, as soon as it is encountered, no matter where it appears in the program listing.

SOLUTION

Continue statement forces the next iteration of the loop to take place, skipping any code in between.

SOLUTION

Any number of statements can be written inside a block and it is treated as a single unit, which may appear anywhere in the program.

SOLUTION

When loop executed once then i=1 so 1*1= 1
Now according to test condition i<2 the loop is terminated so output is: square of 1 is 1.  

SOLUTION

Loop started at 0 and will print values for 29 iterations so the terminal value of J is = 28

SOLUTION

Since if condition is true
so b= a++-1 = 5-1= 4(post increment of a is done after assignment)
now a become 6(as it is incremented).

SOLUTION

Since initial value of i is 2 and j is 2 so i*j = 2*2 =4
and according to test expression i<=2 the loop is terminated so output is 4.  

SOLUTION

Example of an infinite loop. for(; ;) cout<< "Ëndless for loop" << "/n"

SOLUTION

Example: for (j=23; ;--i) as there is no test condition so loop will executed infinite times.

SOLUTION

In do-while loop, the condition is checked at the end of the loop. So, the loop will be evaluated at least once, even if the condition is false.

SOLUTION

In a nested loop, one loop is inside another loop body. Here, outer loop cannot terminate before inner loop.

SOLUTION

== is a relational operator, whereas = is an assignment operator.

SOLUTION

In while loop first the condition is evaluated, then loop execution takes place. If loop condition is false it will not be executed even once.

SOLUTION

A goto statement can transfer the program conrol anywhere in the program.

SOLUTION

In for loop every expression is separated by semicolon (;). So correct syntax of for loop is: for(i=1;i>10;i=i+1)

SOLUTION

They are together referred to as selection construct. It means the execution of statement depending upon a condition test. It evaluates its truth value. It can also use a conditional statement viz., a decision making statement.

SOLUTION

The jump statements unconditionally transfer program control within a function.

SOLUTION

Iteration construct depends upon condition test, which can be either true or false.

SOLUTION

In a while loop, the test expression is evaluated at the beginning of the loop. If the test expression is false, the loop body won't be executed.

SOLUTION

continue is a jump statement,which instead of forcing termination, forces the next iteration of the loop to take place, skipping any code in between.

SOLUTION

Continue statement continues executing the next code.

SOLUTION

initial value of i= 2 and test condition evaluates only once so output is 2

SOLUTION

All these statements provide selection control structures to execute a section of code if and only if an explicit run-time condition is met.  For the if statement, if-else statement, and if -else-if ladder statement the condition is an expression which evaluates to a boolean value, that is, either true or false.  For the switch statement, the selector is an expression which evaluates to an integral value. Selection statements are also referred to as conditional statements.

SOLUTION

The incorrect statement is (c). It should be written as---- cout<<5*i;

SOLUTION

The semicolon is used to terminate the for loop so control will go to cout statement when the for loop will terminate.

SOLUTION

    10
    8
    6         

SOLUTION

Yes, it can be used as delay loop. It is doing nothing else as it has null statements.

SOLUTION

The variations are:-
          Do while loop

          While loop

We can also consider- Null statement loop eg delay loop

SOLUTION

The output of the above code segment is
1 2 3 4 5

SOLUTION

The output of the above program segment is

10

9

8

7

SOLUTION

1.The update expression(s) change the value(s) of loop variable(s).
2.The update expression(s) is carried out at the end of the loop, after the loop body is executed.

SOLUTION

Nested if means the if within another if statement. This type of if statement has more than one condition dependent on each other.

if (condition)
{
if (condition)
{
---statement--;
}
}

SOLUTION

a) A conditional operator has a more clear, concise and compact code but it is less obvious compared to if.
b) A conditional operator when used in nested forms becomes complex and difficult to understand but in case of if statement it is not so.

SOLUTION

A nested if is the statement which contains if and else in its body. The nested if can be written in various ways.
The syntax of nested if is as follows:

if (condition)
{
if (condition)
{
--statement--;
}
else
{
--statement--;
}
}

SOLUTION

If a semicolon is put after the test condition , the if statement ends there. The block or statement following is no more a part of if in such cases.
For example

if(a>5);
{
cout<<"Hello";
}


Now the statement cout<<"Hello"; is not a part of if condition

SOLUTION

'if-else' is a conditional statement. In an if-else statement, if the condition is true the code associated with if is executed otherwise if the condition is false the code associated with else is executed.

SOLUTION

if (grade=’A’)
cout<<”Grade received is A”;

Above condition test for a character literal.

SOLUTION

It checks if the character variable stores a space or not. If it does, the number of spaces are incremented by 1.

SOLUTION

The syntax of if statement is as follows:

if (condition)
{
--Statement; --}
else
{
---Statement; ---}

Here, the statement, may consist of a Single or a Compound  or Null (no statement).

SOLUTION

Iteration construct means repetition of a set of statements depending upon a condition test.

SOLUTION

A Block or Compound statements are written within a pair of braces { }.

SOLUTION

Null or empty statement is used when the logic of the program does not require the statement but the Syntax of the programming language needs it.

SOLUTION

Statements can move data, make decisions and take up repetitive actions.

SOLUTION

i) More than one variable may be initialized outside the loop.

ii) The loop index may be initialized outside the loop

iii) Increment or Decrement to loop index outside the for statement

SOLUTION

S1 is the statement which initializes the loop index.
R determines if the statement in the loop is to be revisited or test any condition.
R2 updates the loop index

SOLUTION

a) if(answer="y")  ---- comparing with a literal
b) If(a>b)      ------ comparing variables

c) if (x)         ----testing truth value of a variable

SOLUTION

Following are the various points of differences:
i) The switch statement can only test for equality, whereas, if-else can evaluate for Relational or Logical conditions.

ii) If-else  is more versatile ie it can handle ranges whereas, switch cannot.

iii) If-else can handle floating point, integer  and character tests   whereas, Switch cannot handle floating point tests.   

SOLUTION

The switch statement starts with the keyword switch followed by a variable in parenthesis.This is known as switch variable. The switch variablr can be integer or character.
switch(switch variable)

The switch block consists of as number of case blocks and each is associated with case constant.

Each of the case constant s followed by a colon.
case 1: statement;
break;
case 2: statement;

break;

.

.

so on

Compiler searches for case constant  matching case variable. When a match is found the statement associated with that constant are executed.

Note: If the case block does not end with a break statement the control will be passed on to next case block.

SOLUTION

Statements can be executed :-
i) Sequentially.

ii) Selectively.

iii) Iteratively.

SOLUTION

#include < iostream.h >
#include < conio.h >

main()

{

clrscr();

int n,i;

long int fact;

cout<<"enter the no whose factorial is required ";

cin>>n;

fact=1;

i=1;

do

   {

          fact=fact*i

          i++;

          }  while (i <= n );

cout<< ”factorial of “<< n<< ”is = ”<< fact << endl;

getch();

}

output:

enter the no whose factorial is required 5
factorial of 5 is = 120

SOLUTION

1.The switch statement can only test for equality. Whereas if can evaluate a Rational or logical expression ie multiple conditions.
2. The switch statement selects its branches by testing the same value of same variable (against a set of constants) whereas, if else construct lets you use a series of expressions that may involve unrelated variables and complex expressions.

3. If-else is more versatile than switch.

4. Switch statement is more efficient in terms of code.

5. If-else can handle floating point apart from handling integers and character tests, whereas a switch cannot.

SOLUTION

This is because the stdio.h defines the standard I/O pre-defined streams. Example :stdin, stdout, stdprn, and stderr.

SOLUTION

islower() function returns true (non-zero), if it is a lowercase alphabet.

SOLUTION

Nothing is changed, if we pass a lowercase letter or a non-alphabetic character to this function.

SOLUTION

The header file math.h contains all the mathematical functions including the arithmetic and trigonometric functions. With the help of these library functions, mathematical operations can be performed directly.

SOLUTION

The header file toupper() is a function that converts a string to uppercase. Therefore, it is included in string.h.

SOLUTION

This header file provides interfaces, for developing multi-threaded applications.

SOLUTION

The stdio.h is a standard input output header file.

SOLUTION

The routines in math.h perform mathematical calculations and conversions.

SOLUTION

It declares the C++ streams I/O manipulators and contains macros for creating parameterized manipulators.

SOLUTION

The function endl inserts a new line character and flushes the buffer, i.e., it writes all the unwritten characters in the buffer to the output sequence.

SOLUTION

These are the objects used to perform input and output operations on the standard input and output.

SOLUTION

These functions are manipulators like endl() and hex().

SOLUTION

The manipulator ends() is used to insert a null character (‘0’). We should not confuse it with endl, which is used to insert a new line character.

SOLUTION

The function is setiosflags. Other parameterized manipulators are: resetiosflags, setbase, setfill etc.

SOLUTION

These are functions for memory allocation and deallocation , and are present in standard library.

SOLUTION

It declares several string manipulation and memory manipulation routines.

SOLUTION

The header file open() is used to open a file.

SOLUTION

It is used for random number generation.

SOLUTION

The srand() function starts or speeds the random-number generator, from a point that depends on the value we pass to srand() as an argument.

SOLUTION

random(num) is used to generate random numbers within range 0 to num-1. For example, random (10) will generate random numbers within range 0 - 9. To generate random numbers within a specific range (L to U) though random (), we need to change the use of random() to : random (U - L + 1) + L.

SOLUTION

It returns false, if anything other than the digit or alphabet is passed to this function.  

SOLUTION

toupper()converts its arguments to uppercase letter if its argument is a letter.

SOLUTION

The fstream provides an interface to read and write data from files as input/output streams.

SOLUTION

A header file is a file containing C++ declarations and macro definitions to be shared between several source files. They supply the definitions and declarations required to invoke system calls and libraries.

SOLUTION

putchar() is a standard library function which is present in the standard input output library.

SOLUTION

all the console I/O functions are contained in the iostream header file as it deals with all the input and output functions.

SOLUTION

write is a function present in the output stream. It is invoked when a line of text is written on the screen.

SOLUTION

write is used to handle the output function when a line of text is entered.

SOLUTION

getchar() is a library function which is defined in standard input output library to take a single charcter as an input.

SOLUTION

get() is used to input data so it is used with the cin stream object while put() is used to output a string so it is used with the cout stream object.

SOLUTION

write() is an output function used to display text from a file one line at a time.

SOLUTION

puts() displays a string of characters on the screen which is a console.

SOLUTION

write() is a function used to operate on strings and is unformatted as there is no control on the number of characters which would be processed.

SOLUTION

standard input and output devices are the peripherals or console required to perform the console i/o operations.