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Crackers are the programmers that break the secure systems for malicious purpose.

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Denial of services eats up all the resources of a system and the system or the applications come to a halt. Example of such an attack is flooding a system with the junk mail.

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A spyware is a software which is installed on your computer to spy on your activities and reports this data to people willing to pay for it. These are used to spy on someone either for legal or illegal purpose.

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A digital certificate is an electronic "credit card" that establishes your credentials when doing business or other transactions on the Web. It is issued by a Certification Authority (CA). It contains your name, a serial number, expiration dates and a copy of the certificate holders.

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Malware refers to software programs designed to damage or do other unwanted actions on a computer system. Common examples of malware include viruses, worms, trojan horses and spyware.

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Hacking refers to the attempts to gain information from undisclosed areas. Mostly hackers hack systems with malicious intent and damage some of the important system information.

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Computer viruses are malicious codes that cause damage to the data and files on systems. Viruses can attack any part of a computer’s software such as boot block, operating system, files etc.

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Differential backup contains all the files that have changed since the last FULL backup. The advantage of a differential backup is that it shortens restore time compared to a full backup. However, if you perform the differential backup too many times, the size of the differential backup might grow to be larger than the baseline full backup.

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A worm is a program very similar to a virus. It has the ability to self-replicate and can cause negative effects on your system, as they reproduce programs that run independently and travel across network connections.

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A trojan horse is a program that appears harmless but actually performs malicious functions such as deleting or damaging files.

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SSL is a secured protocol developed for sending information securely over the internet. SSL is most commonly seen on the Web (HTTP). It is also used to secure other internet services such as sending e-mail, e-shopping, e-reservation etc.

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Spamming refers to the sending of bulk mail by an identified or unidentified source. In non-malicious form, bulk advertising mail is sent to many accounts. In malicious form, the attacker keeps on sending bulk mails until the mail server slows down or runs out of disk space.

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Sweeper is a malicious program used by hackers. By using this, one can erase the cookies, urls, history of internet explorer, recent documents list etc.

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Here, there are two addresses pertaining to the same student. Such a situation is called data inconsistency. Data inconsistency exists when different and conflicting versions of the same data appear in different places.

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Data security is the protection of database from unauthorised users. Only authorised persons are allowed to access the database. Most of the users are allowed to access a part of the database, i.e., the data that is related to them or related to their department. Most of the DBMSs provide security sub-system, which the DBA uses to create accounts of users and to specify account restrictions. The user enters his/her account number (or user name) and password to access the data from database.

SOLUTION

A database is a collection of interrelated data stored together to serve multiple applications. Here, each patient can be assigned to one or more doctors. Specific patient information can also kept in the database (name, address, phones, health record number, date of birth, history of appointments, prescriptions, blood tests, diagnoses etc.).

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Data redundancy occurs when the data file or the database file contains redundant (unnecessarily duplicated) data. That is why one major goal of good database design is to eliminate data redundancy.

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Data inconsistency exists when different and conflicting versions of the same data appear in different places. Data inconsistency creates unreliable information, because it will be difficult to determine which version of the information is correct.

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Database Management System (DBMS) is a computer program that manages a database effectively and efficiently.

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A file is a collection of logically related records.

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OOo Base

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Relational Database Management System

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Row

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An entity is a collection of fields that user wants to collect and store.

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A field that uniquely identifies records in the table is known as Primary Key.

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Column

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The multiple mismatching copies of same data is known as data inconsistency.

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DBMS stands for Database Management System.

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Storage and retrieval of data becomes convenient and faster.

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Database is a collection of related information organised as tables.

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One or more fields (columns) whose value or values uniquely identify each record in a table is called Primary Key. For example, if Student is a table and rollno, name, class etc. are the fields, then rollno is the Primary Key because it is a unique field in the Student table.

SOLUTION

The components of OpenOffice.org Base Window are: Tables, Queries, Forms and Reports.

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In a table, rows are called the records and columns are called fields. A row stores complete information of a record, whereas a column stores only similar data values for number of records.

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Field Length property

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Format property

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Name, Rollno, Marks, Address, Phone no and Date of birth.

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Default value

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Let us consider a field called Description field for Company table, which is a memo data type and stores up to 64,000 characters.

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Primary Key: AccountNo

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Possible Primary Key fields for an Employee table are – Empcode, Empname.

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A Primary Key cannot allow Null Values and must always have a unique index.

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ODB

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Table Name : Student

   Column Names:

   RedgNo

   RollNo

   Name

   Address
   Class

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1.  ItemId                      :  Char
     Item Name               : Text 
     Item Stock               :  Number
     Item DOP                 : Date 
     Quantity Purchased  : Number

2.  ItemID and ItemName can act as the primary key.

SOLUTION

Table Name: TeacherInfo

        Column Names:

        TNO

        TName

                    DOB

                    Address
                    Salary

SOLUTION

1. Table1 : Items

     Field should be omitted: Date Of Birth

2. Table2 : Book
       Field should be omitted: Admno

3.   Table 3: Student

       Field should be omitted: Phone Number

SOLUTION

SOLUTION

SOLUTION

Primary key of a relational table uniquely identifies each record in the table. A primary key consists of a column or columns whose value uniquely identifies a row. For example, if Student is a table and rollno, name, class, etc. are the fields, then rollno is the Primary Key because it is a unique field in the Student table.

SOLUTION

One or more fields (columns) whose value or values uniquely identifies each record in a table is called a Primary Key.

To set Primary Key:

a. Open the file in Design View.

b. Click on the field which you want to set as Primary Key.
c. In the Table Design view toolbar, click the Primary Key button.

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Reducing field size saves memory. For example, the shorter the text, the less memory it uses. Similarly for number fields, Integer uses less memory than Real and Real in turn uses less memory than Double. In general, using a shorter field length also leads to faster database operation.

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If any of the fields requires an entry, set Entry required to Yes. If Entry required is set to Yes, this field must have something in it. For example, if FirstName has Entry required set to ‘Yes’, an entry with the first name missing will not be allowed. In general, only set Entry required to ‘Yes’ if something must always be out in that field. By default, Entry required is set to No.

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AutoNumber data type starts with a number for the first record and increases the number by a set amount in subsequent records. For example, in a table Bank, the accno (Account No.) is an AutoNumber field, as for every new customer the accno field will automatically increase and give a new number.

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A report is an effective way to present data in a printed format. It is a formal, presentable printed document that lists data in a formatted manner.

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Name, Roll No, Marks, Address, Phone no, Date of Birth.

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A form is an interface in the user specified layout that lets users view, enter, change data directly in the table. Forms focus on one record at a time and they can display fields from multiple tables.

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A record is a collection of data items that represents a complete unit of information. A record is also called a row of information in a table.

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The main purposes are:

1. Storage and retrieval

2. Sorting

3. Performing numerical analysis on the data such as counting, averaging and summation.

4. Filtering: Selecting on data that satisfies certain criteria.

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Data are facts or the raw material of information. Data are represented by symbols. After processing the data, information is produced. Thus, information is data arranged in an order that would be useful to the user.

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In a flat database, all the data is stored in a single file. For example, a spreadsheet.

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A table refers to a storage container storing data pertaining to single object, subject or purpose.

The various components of a table are as follows:

1. Data Item (Field): A data item is the smallest unit of named data. It may consist of any number of bits or bytes. A data item represents one type of information and is often referred to as a field or data element.

2. Record: A record is a named collection of data items which represents a complete unit of information.

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DBMS is an integrated set of programs. It helps us to manipulate database. The manipulation of database means collection, addition, insertion, modification and deletion of records into a database. For example, MS-Access, FoxPro, OOo Base.

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A database is collection of logically related data that is stored in a predictable manner. The database systems store data centrally at one place wherefrom all applications can get the data required.

The centralised storage facilitates many advantages like:

a. Controlled Redundancy

b. Data Sharing

c. Controlled Data Inconsistency

d. Standardisation

SOLUTION

BASE is a database management system part of OpenOffice.org. It offers many features to manage databases. With BASE, one can manage all information stored in a .odb file. Within the file,

a. one can divide one’s data into separate storage containers called Tables.

b. one can view, add and update table data using Forms.

c. one can find and retrieve just the data, which is required using Queries.

SOLUTION

The steps for designing a database are:

1. Determine the purpose of your database.

2. Determine the tables you need.

3. Determine the fields you need.

4. Identify the field or fields with unique values in each record (i.e., Primary Key).

5. Determine the relationships between tables.

6. Refine your design.

SOLUTION

Admission No. should be set as the primary key. As the primary key is the unique key, so AdmissionNo in a school is the unique entry.

SOLUTION

Data inconsistency exists when different and conflicting versions of the same data appear in different places. Data inconsistency creates unreliable information, because it will be difficult to determine which version of the information is correct. (It’s difficult to make correct and timely decisions if those decisions are based on conflicting information.)

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A table is a storage container that stores data pertaining to single object, subject or purpose. For example, an employee table may contain all information pertaining to an employee – employee no, employee name, designation, department, grade, basic etc. Similarly, Attendance table may contain data pertaining to the attendance of employees – employees no, months, years, no of days worked, no of leaves taken, CL, ML etc. Both these tables reside in a single database as both of them are related to single object called employee. Two tables are maintained to minimise redundancy. Therefore, tables provide a way to store related data together under one roof, taking care of things like reduced redundancy, standardisation and data integrity.

SOLUTION

The advantages of Databases are as follows:

1. Databases reduce data redundancy to a large extent.

2. They can control data inconsistency to a large extent.

3. They facilitate sharing of data.

4. Databases enforce standards.

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Memo fields can store upto 2 GB. They are used for storing large information about fields, e.g., in library database, a memo field can store detailed information about books such as edition, author, author’s background etc. The memo fields cannot be indexed, i.e., records cannot be arranged in the order of memo fields.

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The fixed length of TINY Integers is 3 and stores numbers from -128 to +127. Its storage size is 1 byte.

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Fixed length of Integers is 10 and stores numbers in the range -231 to +231-1, i.e., through 2147483648 to 2147483647. Its storage size is 4 bytes.

SOLUTION

This field accepts integers or whole numbers with a fixed length of nineteen (19) spaces. It also has an auto value feature that fills up the field with a value you set automatically.

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Some of the digital attacks are spam, worm, virus, malware, trojan horse, sweeper etc.

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An e-mail virus is a computer code sent to you as an e-mail attachment which, if activated, will cause some unexpected and usually harmful effects.

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The file extensions that are commonly affected by a worm are exe, com, bat, pif, vbs, scr, doc, xls, msi and eml.

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If the computer is attacked by Trojan Horse virus, it can: 
• steal passwords 
• copy sensitive data
• carry out any other harmful operations etc.

SOLUTION

Worm : A worm has the ability to self-replicate and can lead to negative effects on your system. They reproduce programs that run independently and travel across network connections.

SOLUTION

Yes, it is absolutely possible. This is a great feature of the online backup system. Data may be restored to any computer connected to the internet.

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The main impact of spyware over e-commerce could be that people lose trust in the reliability of online business transactions.

SOLUTION

Whenever we attach any external device (CD, pen drive, floppy etc.) for copying datum, we should scan that device.

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Computer crime may include thefts or actions in electronic form that cause damage or difficulty to other computer users. A computer crime can be of following types:
1. Theft of computer time
2. Theft, destruction or manipulation of programs
3. Theft, destruction or alteration of data
4. Hacking
5. Software pirating

SOLUTION

Hacking refers to the attempts to gain information from undisclosed areas. During 1870’s, teenagers first hacked into a phone system. Mostly hackers hack systems with malicious intent and damage some important system information.

SOLUTION

An attacker attempts to prevent legitimate users from accessing information or services. The attacker may be able to prevent you from accessing email, websites, online accounts (banking, etc.) or other services by sending heavy traffic on network.

SOLUTION

There are many reasons to hack: 
• A large fraction of hacker attacks are pranks. 
• Financial gain. 
• Espionage. 
• Venting anger at a company or organisation. 
• Terrorism.

SOLUTION

A spyware refers to programs that use your internet connection to send information from your personal computer to some other computer, normally without your knowledge or permission.

SOLUTION

A worm is a program which is very similar to a virus. It has the ability to self-replicate and can lead to negative effects on your system. They reproduce programs that run independently and travel across network connections.

SOLUTION

We can take the backup of all types of files that includes spreadsheets, databases, pictures, MP3s, emails or computer programs. You can rely on online backup providers for protecting and securing your data and information.

SOLUTION

Antivirus is a software that searches your hard drive and floppy disks for any viruses. The market for this kind of program has expanded because of internet growth and the increasing use of the internet by businesses concerned about protecting their computer assets.

SOLUTION

A virus can spread to other computers in the following ways:
• When an infected file is copied through network
• When an infected file is downloaded from internet
• When an infected file is copied from floppy disk, USB etc. 
• Through e-mail attachments

SOLUTION

A worm is a program designed to replicate. The program may perform any variety of additional tasks as well. 
The following are the characteristics of a worm: 
• It is able to replicate. 
• It is self-contained and does not require a host. 
• It is activated by created process (it needs a multitasking system). 
• If it is a network worm, it can replicate across communication links.

SOLUTION

The symptoms of an infected computer are: 
• The computer runs slower than usual. 
• The computer stops responding or it locks up frequently. 
• Computer crashes and then restarts every few minutes. 
• The computer restarts on its own. Additionally, the computer does not run as usual. 
• Applications on the computer do not work correctly. 
• Disks or disk drives are inaccessible. 
• You cannot print items correctly. 
• You see unusual error messages. 
• You see distorted menus and dialog boxes. 
• You see double extension on the recently opened attachment such as a .jpg, .vbs, .gif or .exe extension. 
• An antivirus program is disabled for no reason.

SOLUTION

A computer virus in an executable program. It depends on the nature of a virus that it may cause damage of your hard disk contents and/or interfere with normal operations of your computer.

A virus can be broadly classified into the following types:

Boot: This type of virus affects the boot sector of a floppy or hard disk.

File Infector: This type of virus infects programs or executable files (files with an .EXE or .COM extension).

SOLUTION

To change the color, style and size of the text, Abha should use the < font > tag. The < font > tag is used for changing the appearance of a short segment of text.

SOLUTION

The < pre > tag defines preformatted text. The text in a pre-element is displayed in a fixed-width font and it preserves both spaces and line breaks.

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When a segment of text needs to be centralized, the < center > tag is used. The correct form to make the text appear in center is: < center > Text appears in center < /center >. Here, the text will appear in the center on the browser.

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To set the top margin, i.e., distance from the top edge, Shalu can use TOPMARGIN attribute. For example, < body topmargin = “70” > will make the body-text appear 70 pixels away from top edge of the page.

SOLUTION

The < BASEFONT > tag lets you define the basic size for the font. The default font size set by BASEFONT is 3. The size can have an absolute value from 1 to 7.
 For example, < BASEFONT size = 5 >.

SOLUTION

Bharti should use bgcolor attribute to make the background colour appear green.
The correct HTML is < body bgcolor="green">.

SOLUTION

We can insert the field in the table using the steps given below:
Right click on the desired place where you want to insert the new field. Select insert field option from the short menu. Now you can easily work on it.