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They are known as evergreen trees as they do not shed their leaves at one particular time of the year and always appear green.

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The plants on hilly areas adapt in order to survive in the snowy mountains. They develop sloping branches. If they won’t, then the branches would break under the heavy load of snow.

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They have tall straight thick trunks which can withstand cold winds of high velocity.

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The stem of a desert plant has a thick waxy layer to prevent loss of water. Fleshy stem of desert plant helps to store water and it contains green colored chlorophyll for photosynthesis.

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Desert plants have spines instead of leaves to prevent loss of water. The roots penetrate deep inside the soil to absorb water.

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These plants either do not have any leaves or have a few of them.  Most of them have thorns and they store water in the stems.

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Since in deserts, there is very little rainfall. Therefore, plants such as date palms, babool, keekar and cactus commonly grow there.

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The desert plants have long roots that penetrate deep inside the soil in search of water.

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The stem of fixed plant is long and narrow so that it can withstand water currents without getting damaged.

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Floating plants have a fibrous root system which is not fixed at the bottom of the water body.

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Underwater plants are very helpful. The leaves of these plants absorb carbon dioxide which the aquatic animals breathe out.

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Leaves play an important role in a plant. They are termed as the food factories of a plant. Leaves use sunlight to make food for the plant.

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Some examples of plants having fibrous roots are grass, wheat, rice and onion.

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The fibrous roots are big in size and made up of numerous branching roots. These branching roots are of the same length, same thickness and the same shape.

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Some examples of plants having tap roots are Bean, Balsam, Mustard and Carrot.

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A tap root is a primary root that grows vertically downwards with small roots extending from the primary root.

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The root system holds the plant in the soil.

The roots absorb water and mineral salts from the soil and transport it to the shoot system.

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Alcohol solution decolourizes the green colour from the leaf.

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a. STOMATA

b. PETIOLE

c. LAMINA

d. PINE

e. PEEPAL

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1. Veins
2. Midrib
3. Lamina
4. Petiole

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Tulsi leaves have medicinal properties and are considered as a medicine for sore throat by human beings.

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The leaves of mint, spinach and cabbage are used as the food items eaten by human beings.

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Plants provide food, shelter and oxygen to animals and human beings.

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Veins help in transportation of food, minerals and water in the leaf.

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Pine plant has needle shaped leaves

Eucalyptus plant has tapering leaves

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1) Leaves help a plant to breathe.

2) Leaves manufacture food for the plant.

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Some leaves are yellow or orange in colour because they lack chlorophyll whereas they contain other pigments like carotene or anthocyanin.

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Chlorophyll is a green colour pigment present in the leaves of the plant which help the plants to prepare their food themselves.

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Hint: Marshy Area: water logged, high salt concentration, low oxygen in water etc.

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Most of the species of mangrove plants are found in South East Asia and the Eastern coast of Africa.

Approximately fifty nine types of mangrove plants are found in the Sundarban a mangrove forest of west Bengal, India.

Mangrove plants flourish well at the coastal landscape where freshwater of rivers meets with the salty water of the sea.

The roots of mangrove plants emerge from the soil and water to breathe. Such roots are called breathing roots. So in this way mangrove plants are able to survive in wet mud with low oxygen levels.

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A flower in its initial form is called a bud.

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Sunflower, rose, water lily, marigold, carnation and lotus are some of the common flowers known to us.

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The male parts of the flower are called the stamens and are made up of the anther at the top and the stalk or filament that supports the anther.

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The ovary is the structure of the flower  that develops into a fruit. The transformation takes place after the fertilisation of the seed starts.

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Sunflower

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Magnolia

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Water lily changes its colour from white to purple after pollination.

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All bamboos of same species will flower at exactly same time where ever they are growing.

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Floating duckweed is the smallest flowering plant. Its leaves are only 1 mm across.

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raimondii

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Rose, sunflower and corn flower

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Broccoli and Cauliflower

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Marigold flowers are fed to chickens to give the yolk of the egg, a golden yellow colour.

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Marigold

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Dandelion flower is often used to make wine.

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a.         Agree

b.         Disagree

c.          Disagree

d.         Agree

e.         Disagree

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a.         dandelion

b.         marigold

c.          rose

d.         clove

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a.         Flowers are used to decorate houses, temples, offices and marriage venues.

b.         Flowers can cheer up a sick or a sad person.

c.          Flowers provide food and spices.

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Annual blossoms are most easily cultivated out of all plants. They are available in a large number of varieties.

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Mangroves, admittedly, are very crucial for the coastal areas because:

Mangroves are buffer zone between the land and sea.

Mangroves protect the land from erosion.

Mangroves play an invaluable role as nature's shield against cyclones, ecological disasters and as protector of shorelines.

Mangroves are breeding and nursery grounds for a variety of marine animals.

Mangroves nourish a variety of life forms like invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and even mammals like tigers.

Mangroves are good source of timber, fuel and fodder.

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Cone shape: Coniferous plants have unique cone shape which allows the snow to easily slide off their branches.

Sloping Branches: The sloping branches allows a coniferous tree to bear the heavy load of snow. If they straight then the branches would break.

Needle Shaped Leaves: This shape of the leaf does not hold snow and helps it to slide off from the surface.

Tall Straight and Thick Trunks: They have tall straight thick trunks which can withstand cold winds of high velocity and they are balanced enough for the sloppy surfaces of mountains.

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Mountains are highly elevated on the earth and snowfall occurs throughout the year so this landscape remains frozen.  As the ground remains frozen during winters so in this unfavorable condition no small plants grow on mountains.

This is why small plants like ferns, mosses and lichen only grow when the snow melts in spring.

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Big plants found on mountains: Pine, deodar and fir are some big plants found in the mountains. These trees have a cone shape, which allows the snow to easily slide off their branches. So they are called ‘coniferous trees’.

Small plants on mountains: As the ground remains frozen during winter, small ferns, mosses and lichen are some examples of the small plants which only grow when the snow melts in spring.

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answer may vary

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Hint: Barren salt flats, snow-swept plateaus, fog-cloaked coastal plains, cactus-studded mountains are some other types of deserts.

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Cactus plant have fleshy, flat and green stem that contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis. They can store water in their fleshy stems.

 Cactus plants either do not have any leaves or have a few of them.  Most of them have thorns instead of leaves to prevent loss of water. These thorns or spines protect the cactus from grazing animals. The roots penetrate deep inside the soil to absorb water.

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Floating Plants: The plants that float on the water surface are known as Floating plants. Stems of these plants are light and spongy.  For example, duck weed, water lettuce and water hyacinth.

Fixed Plants: The lotus and water lily are fixed plants. They fix themselves to the bed of the pond. They have long, thin and hollow stems. Leaves of these plants are broad and flat with a waxy coating on their surface.

Underwater Plants: Plants such as tape grass and pondweed are found underwater. The leaves arise in clusters from the roots and have no stomata.

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No one on this Earth can live without plants.

Plants supply humans with food, clothing, and shelter.

Many useful medicines are also made from plants. They are not only beneficial, but also add to the beauty of Nature, which is often a treat for the eyes.

Plants are living just like us. They also carry out life processes such as breathing, growth and reproduction.  

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Plants are cultivated for their beauty and smell, as well for medicines. Humans need them for their survival. In some way or the other we use every part of a plant. Thus, we should grow more and more trees around us.

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Take two leaves of a plant one exposed to light and other covered with black paper. Boil both the leaves in alcohol solution. Rinse the leaf to remove all alcohol and to soften the tissue. Then pour the iodine solution over the leaf. We will observe that the leaf which is exposed to sunlight will turn blue-black while the other does not.

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Take a leaf which has a green and a non-green part. Boil it in boiling water first and then boil it in alcohol. Now add a few drops of iodine to the leaf. We will observe that the parts of a leaf which was green in colour shows the presence of starch. This shows that the chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis.

SOLUTION

Plants need sunlight, water, chlorophyll and carbon dioxide to prepare their food. The process by which they prepare food is called photosynthesis. Sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll. Water is taken to the leaves through root. Carbon dioxide is absorbed by the leaves through stomata. After the food is prepared, oxygen is released through stomata.

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On the basis of season and duration of bloom, flowers are classified as:

1.         Annual blossom: Flowers bloom only in the season in which they are sown.

2.         Perennial blossom: Flowers continue to bloom for several years.

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Single flower is present at the tip of the stock or branches of the main axis of the plant.

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On the basis of arrangement, flowers are classified in two types.

1.         Single flower

2.         Flowers in a cluster form

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The people who collect honey by rearing bees and selling it in the market are called Apiarists.

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A bee hive consists of many small chambers called the comb. These combs are used for storing honey, laying eggs and raising the young bees.

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After the seed is fertilized, the petals of the flower fall off and the ovary transforms into a raw fruit. Over time the fruit ripens.

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The process of transferring of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of the same flower, or other flower is called pollination.

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The style helps in the movement of pollen grains from the stigma to the ovary

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The pistil consists of the stigma, style, ovary and ovules.

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1.anther
2.ovary
3.pollination

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.

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The pistil is the collective term for the carpel(s). Each carpel includes an ovary, a style, and a stigma.

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Stamen is the pollen producing part of a flower. It is usually the slender filament supporting the anther.

Anther is the part of the stamen where pollen is produced.

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Without flowers, many plants would not be able to reproduce and many insects would not be able to get enough nutrition to survive.

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a. Tulip

b. flowers

c. purple

d. Annual

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Birds and insects visit the flowers and help in pollination. In return the flowers offer nectar and pollen as a source of nutrition to the birds and insects who visit them.

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In a pollinated flower, the pollen moves down from the stigma to the ovary via the style and fuses with the ovules. The ovule transforms into a seed and thus a seed is formed.

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Insects and birds get attracted to a flower’s petals and suck its nectar.When birds and insects try to feed on the nectar, a yellow pollen powder sticks to their body and the transfer of these pollen leads to pollination.

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The stamen consists of two parts: the anther and the filament. Anthers are oblong shaped structures containing the pollen. Each anther is supported by a long solid filament, which in turn is attached to the base of a petal.

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Plants trap energy from the Sun. When herbivores eat these plants, this energy is transferred to them. Energy from herbivore is transferred to carnivores or omnivores when they eat them. Omnivores may also get the direct energy from plants. Thus a chain is formed to obtain food and hence called a food chain.

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Clove

SOLUTION

Ovary

SOLUTION

Sepals

SOLUTION

Filament

SOLUTION

Stigma

SOLUTION

Stamen