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The national emblem is symbolic of contemporary India's reaffirmation of its ancient commitment to world peace and goodwill.

The emblem symbolizes power, courage and confidence.

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Nationalemblem forms a part of the official letterhead and seal of the Government of India.

It appears on all Indian currencyas well.

It appears on important government buildings.

It is a prominent part of the diplomatic and national passport of the Republic of India

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Ministry of Defence (MOD) led by Union Cabinet Minister manages the Indian Armed Forces.

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Army, navy, air force, paramilitary forces and special frontier force form the Indian Armed Forces.

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The Border Security Force is a border patrol agency of the Government of India. Its primary role is to guard India’s international borders during peace time. Also, to avoid trans national crime.

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The major operations undertaken by the Indian Army are:

• First Kashmir War (1947)
• Sino-Indian Conflict (1962)
• Indo-Pakistani War (1965 and 1971)
• Siachen Conflict (1984)
• Kargil Conflict (1999)

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India has the third-largest military force in the world. Rajnath Singh is the present Defence Minister of India.

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The Special Frontier Force (SFF) is a paramilitary unit of India. It was started in the post Sino- Indian war period. Its main goal was to conduct covert operations behind Chinese lines in case of another war between People Republic of China and India.

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The Indian Army, formed by the British, was an important part of the British Empire's forces, both in India and abroad, particularly during the ‘First and Second World Wars’. It was responsible for the defence of both directly governed British India and Princely States.

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These are the following places where the Indian Armed Forces have their commands.

1. Indian Air Force – New Delhi, Shillong, Allahabad
2. Indian Navy – Visakhapatnam, Mumbai, Kochi
3. Indian Army – Lucknow, Kolkata, Pune

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a. Indian Air Force has been involved in four wars with Pakistan and one with People Republic of China.

b. Indian Air Force has carried out some operations like Operation Meghdoot, Operation Vijay, Operation Poomalai and Operation Cactus.

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General

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India flaunts various mesmerizing architecture as tourist attractions. Some of these were built during the British colonial era. For example:

• India Gate (Delhi)
• Parliament House (Delhi)
• Rashtrapati Bhawan (Delhi)
• Gateway of India (Mumbai)
• Victoria Memorial (Kolkata)
• St. Mary’s Church (Chennai)

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Six architectural sites that were inspired by religion are:

• Khajuraho temples in Madhya Pradesh
• Kailash temple at Ellora
• Sanchi stupa at Sarnath
• Sun temple at Konark
• Meenakshi temple at Madurai
• Jain temples at Mount Abu

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Folk dances are performed to express happiness, on occasions like the arrival of seasons, birth of a child, sowing and harvesting of crops, marriages or on festivals. They are generally group dances and involve special instruments and costumes. Some of the famous folk dances of our country are: Lavani of Maharashtra, Bhangra of Punjab, Raas Garba of Gujarat, Ghoomar of Rajasthan, Bihu of Assam and Lavani of Maharashtra.

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Classical dances were forms of worship in earlier days. They were later performed in the court of kings. The main types of classical dances are Bharatanatyam in Tamil Nadu, Kuchipudi in Andhra Pradesh, Kathak in Uttar Pradesh, Odissi in Orissa, Manipuri in Manipur, etc.

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Sufi music is an important form of Indian music. Sufi tradition was introduced in India around late 12^th century by Khwaja Moin-ud-Din Chishti and promoted spirituality. The songs in Sufi music aimed at spreading spiritual ideas.

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Guru Nanak Dev's birthday is celebrated as Guru Nanak Jayanti.

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Guru Nanak Jayanti is celebrated by Sikhs in the month of November.

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We celebrate New Year's Eve to mark the arrival of a new year.

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People celebrate Christmas to rejoice the birth of Jesus Christ.

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'Sewain', is made by cooking jaggery, milk and vermicelli together.

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31^st  October

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31^st  December.

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Id-ul-Zoha is celebrated by Muslims.

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Sewain

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Christians celebrateEaster as it is the day of Christ's rebirth.

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Hanukkah is celebrated betweenlate November and December.

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Diwali

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Buddha Poornima occursin May on the full moon Night.

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Gujiya

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The functions of a gram sabha are:

• To support the programmes of mass education and family welfare
• Solving the disputes of villagers
• To consider levy of taxes, rates, rents and fees

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Some subjects (areas) which come under the legislature of the Union or Central Government are:

• Police
• Public health and sanitation
• Pilgrimage
• Agriculture
• Fisheries
• Land revenue
• Taxes on lands and buildings

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The three branches of the State and Local Governments are:

1. Executive: The executive branch is composed of a Governor and a Council of Ministers led by the Chief Minister.
2. Legislature: All states have a Vidhan Sabha also called (Legislative Assembly), while a small number of states have an upper house, the Vidhan Parishad.
3. Judiciary: Each state has a High Court and a number of lower courts.

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A mayor is the head of the municipal government. He is also the chairman of the municipal council and of the council of the executive committee. In most of the states, mayors are elected indirectly by the council members except a few states where they are elected directly by the people. A deputy mayor is elected to work in the absence of the mayor.

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Employing children below the age of 14 is wrong as these children are considered child labour. Government has made specific rules to protect children from the menace of child labour. Children below the age of 14 should not be employed and any organisation doing this will be booked for such offense.

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Choices may vary.          

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a) Equal wages for equal work.

b) Prevent exploitation of poor and weak.

c) Improve the conditions of people belonging to scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other backward classes of society.

d) Protection of historical and archaeological monuments.

e) To improve the living conditions of people.

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a) Right to equality.

b) Right to freedom of speech, movement, choosing of profession.

c) Right to justice.

d) Right to practice religion of choice.

e) Right to education.

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Secularism means that people of all religions are treated equally and the government doesn't interfere in this matter.

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a)        India         - Democracy

b)        USA         - Democracy

c)        Britain      - Monarchy

d)        Saudi Arabia  - Monarchy

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India has a head of the country who is elected by the people of country. Everyone who is above 18 years of age has right to vote and choose the representatives.

On the other hand, Britain is headed by a king or a queen. People have no right to choose their head of the country.

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a) Right to equality is a fundamental right of every citizen of India. Therefore equal pay is provided for equal work.

 b) When India achieved freedom, there was no constitution for India. It was prepared during the time span of 3 years. During this time, the rules and regulations made by British were followed. Some of them are still in use.

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a) Disagree b) Agree

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Fundamental duties help to promote moral responsibility and spirit of patriotism among the citizens. It also helps people to contribute for the growth and development of the country.

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  d) Freedom to wear any outfit

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1. People elect their representatives.

2. Every India above 18 years of age has right to vote.

3. Every citizen has equal rights and there is no discrimination by the constitution.

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The guiding principles are democracy, socialism and secularism.

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After our country got freedom on 15^th August 1947, the constituent assembly was formed to make the constitution of India. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the President of the assembly.

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Rights and duties go hand in hand. To enjoy our rights we also need to do our duties as citizens.

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A Tour of Computer History…

The machines are given below in their order of their invention:

Abacus: The invention of Abacus marked the beginning of computer age. Abacus was the first calculating device.

Napier bones: A Scottish mathematician named John Napier invented a tool called “Napier's Bones”, which were either wooden or ivory rods used for doing the calculations.

Pascal Adding Machine: Blaise Pascal introduced the Pascaline digital adding machine.

Jacquard loom: Joseph Marie Jacquard developed a loom controlled by punched cards. The cards were made of cardboard.

Difference Engine and Analytical Engine: Charles Babbage introduced the Difference Engine and later the Analytical Engine, which was a true general purpose computing machine.

Mark I: Mark I was the first automatic digital computer.

ENIAC: An electronic computing machine named ENIAC was introduced by John Mauchly and J.Presper Eckert. It stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator.

ENIAC is the first general-purpose digital computer.

UNIVAC: UNIVAC was another successful electronic computer. It stands for Universal Automatic Computer. It could handle both textual and numeric information.

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Speakers

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Webcam

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Central Processing Unit

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IPO

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Information

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Light pen is a pointing device, which is shaped like a pen. It is used to draw images directly on the monitor screen.

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A plotter is used to take out large printouts of text and images. It is of two types - Flatbed plotter and Drum plotter.

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Mouse is a pointing device. It is used to input instructions with a pointer on the screen.

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The devices which help the users to see the final result processed by computer in the form of text, images, videos etc are known as output devices.

Examples of output devices are as follows:

1. Monitor: It is the most common output device, which is used to display the work done by a computer.

2. Printer: It helps the user in taking printouts of text and images on paper.

3. Projector: Projector is a display device that receives signals from a computer and displays the images or videos on the screen.

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The devices which help the user to communicate with the computer are known as input devices.

Examples of input devices are as follows:

1. Joystick: It is used to play games on a computer. When the user moves the joystick, it gives input to the computer.

2. Microphone: It is used to input sounds into the computer.

3. Scanner: It takes an image of the document and puts it into the computer.

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Primary Memory

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Secondary Memory or Secondary Storage

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Secondary Memory

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Floppy Disk

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Pen Drive

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Compact Disk

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The two examples of external memory are hard disk and pen drive.

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ROM stands for Read Only Memory.

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A single digit in a binary number is called a bit, which stands for Binary DigIT.

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Indian Navy

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Indian Army

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The President of India  

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The Special Frontier Force (SFF)

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The first war of Kashmir was the major operation undertaken by the Indian Army in 1947.

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The Headquarters of the Indian Armed Forces are located in New Delhi.

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Two fighter planes of the Indian Air Force are:

1. Tejas
2. MiG 21

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The Department of Defence Production, under  the Ministry of Defence is responsible, for the indigenous production of equipments used by the Indian Armed Forces.

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Since independence, the IAF has been involved in four wars with neighbouring Pakistan and one with the People's Republic of China. Apart from conflicts, the IAF has been an active participant in United Nations peacekeeping missions.  It has also played key roles in rescue and relief operations during major natural calamities like floods, earthquakes, landslides, etc.

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Pietra Dura is a method of making images by cutting and fitting polished coloured stones.

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The Mughal rulers introduced a new style of royal architecture. Their style was symmetrical and decorative, for example, the Red Fort, Jama Masjid and Humayun’s Tomb that attract thousands of tourists every year.

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Apart from Hindustani music Carnatic is also a kind of Classical music.

• Carnatic music hails from the south.
• It is regarded as one of the earliest forms of music in the world.
• Some musical instruments peculiar to this style of music are: mridangam, violin, flute, tabla, veena, tambura, kanjira and ghatam.

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Hindustani music is a type of classical music.

• Hindustani music hails from the north.
• It is sometimes referred to as the ‘Shastriya Sangeet’.
• The musical instruments specific to Hindustani music are: sitar, sarod, tanpura, bansuri, shehnai, sarangi, santoor and tabla.

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a. Cave Paintings – The early man made paintings in caves as a way of expression. One classic example of painting in India is the cave paintings found in Ajanta Caves. The paintings at Ajanta Caves in Maharashtra depict the life of Lord Buddha. They are more than 15000 years old. These paintings tell us a lot about the culture of that era.

b. Miniature Paintings – The Mughals invited many artists and painters from other countries to draw miniature paintings. Even the Rajput kings also encouraged the art of painting. The Rajput paintings depicted the life of Lord Krishna along with landscapes scenes of hunting and wars.

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1. Assam d)Mekhla Chador

2. Rajasthan f)Ghagra Choli

3. Jammu & Kashmir e)Phiran

4. West Bengal c)Dhoti-kurta

5. Tamil Nadu a)Veshti

6. Kerala b)Mundu

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Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan was known as a builder. Many beautiful buildings were made during his reign. Architecture in his time, gave way to elegance and refinement of details.

• The most famous is the Taj Mahal in Agra that he built in the memory of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal, who died in 1631 CE.
• He was the founder of Shahjahanabad, known today as the Old Delhi.
• He also built the Red Fort, Moti Masjid, Sheesh Mahal and the magnificent Jama Masjid, the largest mosque in India.

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Mughals were great patrons of art and architecture. The first ruler of the Mughal empire, Babur, was responsible for expanding the influence of Persian culture in India.

Under Akbar’s reign, the architecture saw a combination of Hindu and Muslim features. He built the royal city of Fatehpur Sikri. The Buland Darwaza built there is one of the largest gateways in the country. Jahangir loved paintings, music and architecture. The enameled titles used in his time saw Persian influence.

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(i)                 Birju Maharaj

(ii)                Ustad Amjad Ali Khan

(iii)               Zakir Hussain

(iv)               Lata Mangeshkar

(v)                Tansen

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(i)Folk dances: Bhanga, Ghoomar

(ii)Harvest festivals: Basant Panchami, Holi

(iii)British architecture: Bahai Temple, Victoria Memorial

(iv)Regional attire for women: Saree, Salwar-suit

(v)Regional languages: Hindi, Punjabi

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Holi

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Halloween is majorly celebrated in the United States of America, Ireland, Scotland and Australia.

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People celebrate the birth, enlightenment and death of Lord Buddha on Buddha Poornima.

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Santa Claus is a mystical jolly fat man with a beard and a red suit who brings presents for children on Christmas Eve.

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Good Friday is celebrated, by the Christian population, in the month of March or April.

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Holi is celebrated at the end of the winter season, usually towards the end of February or March.

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