SOLUTION

The document windows are the windows within an application window. These are displayed in the parent application window's workspace.

SOLUTION

A window is a visual area containing some kind of user interface. Windows are primarily associated with graphical displays where they can be manipulated with a mouse cursor. There are many windows: Application window, document windows etc.

SOLUTION

There can be many sub directories to the parent diectory.

SOLUTION

A directory can have as many child (sub) directories, but a child directory can have only one parent directory, it cannot have more than one parent directories.

SOLUTION

Default drive is also called the Active Drive.

SOLUTION

The first sector of the disk is called the boot sector. It stores DOS instructions.

SOLUTION

A computer virus is a computer program that can inject other computer programs by modifying them in such a way as to include a copy of itself. A virus not only copies itself but also makes the computer system behave abnormally. An antivirus software scans your disk for viruses and removes them, if any virus is found.

SOLUTION

File names in Windows XP can be upto 255 characters including spaces. However, file names cannot contain any of these characters : / : * ? " < > / .

SOLUTION

They are responsible for I/O iniatialion, device selection, I/O execution, I/O termination.

SOLUTION

Processor Management means managing the process or processor i.e., the CPU. Therefore, this very function is also termed as CPU Scheduling. Multiprogramming, improves the overall efficiency of the computer system by getting more done in less time as the CPU may be shared among a number of active programs which are present in the memory at the same time.

SOLUTION

Backup utility program facilitates the backing-up of disk. Back-up means duplicating the disk information so that in case of any damage or data-loss, this backed up data may be used. The files or folders or even drives can be backed up using this utility.

SOLUTION

A directory may contain files and / or subdirectories inside it.

SOLUTION

Without any drive letter, Vol command displays volume label of the disk in default drive.
For example, VOL a;
will display the following message :
Volume in drive A is NIL
Volume Serial Number is 1D62-1CD8

SOLUTION

DOS is first checked in Drive A: and then C: Drive. If DOS is not found, the error 'Non system disk' is displayed on the screen.

SOLUTION

i) Bootstrap loader is a small program in which instructions for booting up process are stored.
ii) A floppy disk having OS files is known as a bootable disk.

SOLUTION

Kernel and shell are the two parts of the operating system. Kernel interacts with hardware and shell interacts with the user through command.com interpreter.
The kernel is made up of 2 files : IO.SYS and MSDOS.SYS. Kernel interacts with the hardware.

SOLUTION

a) The various language processors are:-
i) Assembler

ii) Interpreter
iii) Compiler

SOLUTION

i) An application window contains an open running application while Document windows are the windows within Application window and are displayed in parent window as workspace.
ii) Shared folders are those that can be shared with other people on a network. The contents of the folder can be shared.

SOLUTION

GUI stands for Graphical user Interface. Windows XP is a GUI OperatingSystem.
Some of the features are:
a) Multiple applications can be simultaneously run in different windows.
b) Interaction with windows is very efficient as it uses both mouse and keyboard.

SOLUTION

The order of loading the system files is as follows:
a) IO.SYS also called IBMBIO.COM
b) MSDOS.SYS also called IBMDOS.COM
c) COMMAND.COM

SOLUTION

To have these two special characters -- a question mark (?) or an asterisk mark (*) in a filename or in its extension, means you have greater flexibility. It means that any one or none characters can occupy that position.
For example, In memo?.doc --- both memo1.doc and memo.doc can both be selected.

SOLUTION

Internal commands are available in DOS Shell i.e., in COMMAND.COM. They are directly interpreted by command.com. 
External commands are available to Shell but through external specifications. They are interpreted with the external files with the extensions .com and .exe. Two of the external commands are FORMAT.COM, DISKCOPY.COM.

SOLUTION

The instructions are as follows:
i)   IO.SYS and MSDOS.SYS are first loaded in the main memory.
ii) CONFIG.SYS is loaded.
iii) The file COMMAND.COM is loaded. It is the command interpreter of DOS.
iv) Finally, Drive letter followed by > sign is shown.

SOLUTION

i) In Real time OS, jobs have to be completed within their fixed deadlines. An efficient real time OS gives minimum possible deadline overruns.
ii) Multiprocessing OS can handle more than one multiprocessor. It is capable of load sharing in case of identical processors. In case of unidentical processors, the multiprocessing OS should be able to control the super (main) processor and in turn control the working of slave processors.
iii) In Time sharing OS, each active user program is given a fair share of CPU time. If time elapses or an I/O is requested, the CPU shifts over to the next job waiting within the specified deadline and previous program is made to wait. The active programs are scheduled for execution under certain job scheduling techniques.

SOLUTION

Managing the CPU i.e. the Processor is called Processor Management or CPU Scheduling. To get more work in less time the CPU may be shared among a number of active programs present in the memory. While CPU is doing its work and if the job requires I/O operations, CPU waiting time  during I/O operation, or CPU’s idle time is reduced by making CPU takeover another job take during that time, thereby increasing CPU efficiency. 

Job Scheduling : In this, we not only assign priority but also admit new jobs for processing at appropriate times.

There are three terms used in connection to this:-

Program,Process and Job.
Process and job can be used interchangeably.

Process is program in execution and during this, process changes its states.

The states are—new,active,waiting or halted.

Each processs is represented in the OS by a data block called Process Control block.

A PCB contains various information like process state, program counter, CPU Registers, memory limits and list of open files.

The criterias on which scheduling techniques depend on are : CPU Utilization, Turnout time, Wating time, Response time, Throughput.

And considering all these factors, two types of scheduling techniques are chosen. They are :

i) Non-Primitive Scheduling: In this, scheduled jobs are completed before another scheduling decision is made.

SOLUTION

The functions of an operating system are as follows:-  
i) Program Execution
ii) Manipulation of file system
iii) Resource allocation
iv) Information and Resource Protection
v) Handling input/output operations
vi) Error detection
vii) Accounting

SOLUTION

Divide successively by 2 and write the remainders from top to down.

SOLUTION

The binary digit is also a positional value system, wherein each binary digit has its own value or weight expressed as a power of 2.

SOLUTION

Each hex digit is converted to its 4-bit binary equivalent. Since, 5=0101 9=1001 A=1010 Therefore, 59A = 10110011010.

SOLUTION

Divide successively by 16 and write the remainders from bottom to up.

SOLUTION

Divide successively by 2 and write the remainders from bottom to up.

SOLUTION

Divide successively by 16 and write the remainders from bottom to up.

SOLUTION

Divide successively by 2 and write the remainders from bottom to up.

SOLUTION

An application window contains an open application i.e., a running application such as Word or Paint. Several applications can be open or running simultaneously, but there is only one active window at any given time.

SOLUTION

Each partition of disk is a logical partition.

SOLUTION

Hard disk can be partitioned in several parts. It depends on the total disk size.

SOLUTION

Disk Defragmentor speeds up disk access by rearranging the files and free space on your computer, so that files are stored in continguous units and free space is consolidated in one continguous block.

SOLUTION

Utilities are those application programs that assist the computer by performing housekeeping functions like backing up disk or scanning / cleaning viruses or arranging information etc.

SOLUTION

MS DOS is a CUI i.e., command user interface.

SOLUTION

In this type of scheduling, a scheduled job always completes before another scheduling decision is made. Therefore, finishing order of the jobs is also same as their scheduling order. The scheduling techniques which use non-preemptive scheduling are :
1. First come First Served (FCFS) Scheduling
2. Shortest Job Next (SJN) Scheduling
3. Deadline Scheduling

SOLUTION

They are useful in specifying file names because they give flexibility in specifying paths and file names. 

SOLUTION

Two files IO.SYS and MSDOS.SYS make the kernel of DOS which actually interacts with the hardware and then gets the work done. User interacts with the shell of DOS which is COMMAND.COM. Shell in turn interprets user request and interacts with the kernel for carrying out the user request. The shell is responsible for user interface.

SOLUTION

The multiprocessing OS should be capable of loadsharing in case of identical processors so that the system's efficiency imrpoves. In case of unindentical processors, the multiprocessing OS should be able to control the super (main) processor and in turn control the working of slave processors. 

SOLUTION

Multilevel or Hierarchial. It follows the parent and child directory relationship. There can be sub directories also.

SOLUTION

Secondary file name is also called File Extension. It is three characters long. For example, cpp, bas etc.

SOLUTION

A primary file name consists of one to eight (1-8) characters in length. File extension (Secondary file name) consists of a period followed by zero to three (0-3) characters. 

SOLUTION

It can be changed by typing C>A:A>C: .

SOLUTION

If one wants to undelete a file, then it may be restored from recycle bin. However, if items are deleted from the recycle bin itself, then all of its items in it are permanently deleted and cannot be restored later.

SOLUTION

As soon as the computer is switched on, it immediately  performs Power On Self Test also referred to as  POST. It checks for the integrity of  CPU, RAM, IO devices etc.

SOLUTION

In preemptive scheduling, a scheduling decision can be made even while the job is executing whereas in non-preemptive scheduling, a scheduling decision is made only after job completes its execution. The techniques which use preemptive scheduling are :
1. Round Robin Scheduling
2. Response Ratio Scheduling

SOLUTION

This is implemented by ensuring that no program gets a second opportunity to execute unless all other programs have had at least one opportunity.

SOLUTION

The CPU reads from and writes to specific memory of addresses. A program must be assigned some memory area and loaded into memory in order to be executed.

SOLUTION

For some commands, the steps of performing the instruction are available inside the shell. Such commands are known as internal commands and the commands for which specifications are to be provided externally, are known as external commands. 

SOLUTION

Windows Explorer gives us a view of computer's contents as a hierarchy or tree.

SOLUTION

The system performance is measured by its ability to complete its jobs within the specified deadlines. If a job cannot be completed within its deadline, this situation is called deadline overrun. An efficient real OS is that which gives minimum possible deadline overruns.

SOLUTION

A directory is a collection of files grouped into folders.

SOLUTION

The BIOS is boot firmware designed to be the first code run by a PC when powered on.

SOLUTION

Main memory is also known as RAM and is constructed from integrated circuits and needs to have electrical power in order to maintain its information.

SOLUTION

It is an operating system commercialized by Microsoft.

SOLUTION

Its name was changed to 86-DOS once SCP started licensing the operating system.

SOLUTION

It is a bootstrapping process that starts operating system when the user turns on a computer.

SOLUTION

The Windows OS desktop may contain a background, one or more active or inactive windows, a taskbar and icons. A background can be anything from a single-colour screen to an elaborate artistic image. All windows and icons are superimposed on the background, whatever it may be.

SOLUTION

Presentation graphics is another specialized type of graphics software.The visual aids can be computer images, paper printouts, or photographic transparencies.

SOLUTION

Demand paging occurs occurs when the system is busy and also when image is first loaded into memory.

SOLUTION

MS DOS is CUI i.e., Command User Interface.

SOLUTION

There is only one parent directory to many child directories.

SOLUTION

In this type, a scheduled job always completes before another scheduling decision is made.

SOLUTION

It attempts to minimize the fragmentation on disk and rearrange the files and free space on computer so that files are stored in contiguous units and free space in another contiguous block.

SOLUTION

This utility facilitates the backing-up-of disks.

SOLUTION

It is a scheduling algorithm in which the process which requests the CPU first is allocated the CPU first.

SOLUTION

A folder is a virtual container within a digital file system in which group of files and other folders can be kept and organized.

SOLUTION

General-application softwares are known as packages. For example, word processing software, spreadsheets, database management system, etc.

SOLUTION

For example, the design and layout of a complete book or journal can be achieved using a suitable DTP package.

SOLUTION

The programmer decides how many logical segments a program should have and these logical partitions is known as segmentation. Segmentation is a piece of program logic which performs a specific task.

SOLUTION

In paging, each program is split into fixed size program called pages. To execute a program, some pages of it are loaded in the main memory depending upon storage availability. Whereas, demand paging refers to Bringing In (paging in) the required pages.

SOLUTION

a) IOC is an acronym for Input Output Control.
b) The task of Input Output Channel is to provide a data path between main storage and I/O device.

SOLUTION

The aim of this function is to minimize storage of wastage area, protect the program and also look after the security.

SOLUTION

Graphics Software manipulates images while the software that incorporates images, text, sound, computer animation and video sequence is known as multimedia software.

SOLUTION

a) The software that handles page layout by combining the functions of traditional type setter and a layout artist is known as DTP.
b) Utilities assist in housekeeping tasks like backing up disks, removing viruses, scanning etc.

SOLUTION

Double click on a drive icon displays the folders contained in that drive. You can double click to see the filenames.

SOLUTION

The area in the window below the title and menu bar and everything else in the current application is called a workspace.

SOLUTION

DIR/W.

SOLUTION

(i) MKDIR or MD  

(ii) RMDIR or RD

SOLUTION

To execute these files, we do not need any special software. These files can easily be executed by typing their primary name at the DOS prompt.

SOLUTION

Dos will execute them in the following order -
Abc.com
Abc.exe
Abc.bat

SOLUTION

It is used to suspend the output display on the screen or to resume a suspended output display on the screen.

SOLUTION

They are loaded in the following order:
i)  COM
ii)  EXE
iii) BAT

SOLUTION

DOS internal commands are COPY, DEL/ERASE, REN, TYPE, DIR, CHDIR/CD, MKDIR/DIR/MD, RMDIR/RD, BREAK, CLS, DATE, TIME, PATH, PROMPT, SET, VER, etc.

SOLUTION

Astrisk (*) means here A is followed by any number of characters (but length should not exceed 8 in number) and with extension exe.
Eg: A*.exe

     a123.exe

SOLUTION

All files starting with A followed by any two or less characters will be selected. For example, Abc.exe and Ab.exe will be selected.

SOLUTION

a) A file is a collection of logically related information.
b) Directories let you group your files in convenient categories.

SOLUTION

i) True
ii) abc.prg is in the sub-directory purchase

SOLUTION

The sub directories and the additional directories are created in the root directory.

SOLUTION

The software that incorporates and handles images, text, sound, computer animation and video sequences is known as multimedia software.

SOLUTION

Preemptive scheduling may force a job in execution to release the processor so that execution of some other jobs can be undertaken.

SOLUTION

Pages in a program and words in a page both are numbered from 0 ... n i.e., their logical addresses.

SOLUTION

Deleting a file at command prompt or from floppy disk (A: or B: drive) permanently deletes a file from memory, it does not go to recycle bin.

SOLUTION

We can go to Accessories, Internet Explorer, MS-Office, and many other applications through Programs.

SOLUTION

It is the common term for pre-boot sequence. It is the first step of a process called Initial Program Load, booting, or bootstrapping.

SOLUTION

In Paint application, we can draw pictures, edit any image, draw various shapes etc.