SOLUTION

 1 x (2) ³ + 0 x (2) ² + 1 x (2) ¹ + 0 x (2) ⁰ + 0 x (2)^-1 + 1 x (2)^-2 + 0 x (2)^-3 + 1 x (2)^-4

SOLUTION

 2 x (10) ¹ + 5 x (10) ⁰ + 1 x (10)^-1 + 2 x (10)^-2 = 25.12

SOLUTION

In Digital Number Representation, various number systems are used, such as decimal, binary, octal & hexadecimal systems.

SOLUTION

In conversion, one number system can be converted to another.

SOLUTION

It is a number system with base 8 that uses digits from 0-7.

SOLUTION

LSD is Least Significant Digit.It is the right most bit of a binary number and has the least weight.

SOLUTION

i. Binary to Decimal
ii. Decimal to Binary

SOLUTION

The different types of number system are as follows:
i. Positional Number System
ii. Non-Positional Number System

SOLUTION

 Real numbers are represented in storage medium by their exponent’s mantissa. For example, number 32.17 can be written as 0.3217 x 10², 0.3217 is its mantissa & 2 (power) is its exponent. Binary numbers can also be expressed in this same notation by starting a number (mantissa) & an exponent of 2. The format is as shown in figure below:

SOLUTION

 Positive expression of number                    0001 0001
       Compliment                                             1110 1110
       Add 1                                                        1110 1111
       Therefore, –17 equals 1110 1111.

SOLUTION

 Two’s compliment represents numbers in their true forms i.e., their binary equivalents & negative numbers in 2’s compliment.
2’s compliment of a number is calculated by adding 1 to its 1’s complement.

For example: The 2’s compliment of number 6 (0110) will be:

                   1’s compliment of 1001   = 1001

                   2’s compliment of 0110   =   +1

SOLUTION

 One’s compliment represents positive numbers by their binary equivalents (called true forms) & negative numbers by their 1’s complements (called 1’s compliment forms).
To calculate 1’s compliment of a binary number, just replace every 0 with 1 & every 1 with 0. For Example: 1’s compliment of binary number 1001 will be 0110 & for 1100 will be 0011.

SOLUTION

2ⁿ –1. In the binary number, of say 8 bits, MSB is reserved for sign notation. Therefore, the maximum magnitude which can be represented, is of 7 bits. That is, one less than the total no of bits (2ⁿ). Maximum number which can be represented in 8 bits signed notation is 2⁷ is 128. An 8 bit word can represent 2⁸ –1 = 255 numbers i.e. –127 to 0 & 0 to +128.

SOLUTION

AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) is used to connect graphics card that provides high-speed video performance.

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A port is an application-specific or a process-specific software construct to serve as a communications endpoint used by Transport Layer protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP).

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All the components of memory are embedded on the motherboard. It is the central printed circuit board (PCB)in some complex electronic systems, such as modern personal computers.

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The system unit contains ALU and CU for processing the data.

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A DVD is same as CD-RW. Both are used to write data and store information. The only difference is of the storage capacity.

SOLUTION

All the arithmetic and logical calculations are made in the Arithmetic and Logical Unit.

SOLUTION

Volatile memory is power dependent. RAM is an example of volatile memory.

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EPROM is a special type of memory that retains its contents until it is exposed to ultraviolet light.

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ROM is used because it is non-volatile.

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It is Double Data Rate SDRAM. It supports data transfer on both edges of each clock cycle (the rising and falling edges); thus, doubling the memory bandwidth over the corresponding single-data-rate SDRAM.

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DDRSDRAM stands for Double Data Rate SDRAM. It provides data transfer at double speed as compared to other types of dynamic RAM.

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As capacitors lose their charge over time, dynamic RAM boards must include logic to “refresh” (recharge) the RAM chips as many as thousand times a second, which is called memory refreshing.

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The memory access time is so small in magnitude that it has to be measured in the smallest unit of time that is nanoseconds.

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An optical card reader is used for reading marks made on the face of a preprinted card that utilizes a video camera and a memory device to capture and store an image of at least a portion of the card.

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The two elements are: a MOSFET( Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) switch and a capacitor storing a bit.

SOLUTION

The memory address of an element, which contains bit information is an array of bits with information organised in the form of memory cells.

SOLUTION

Due to the presence of phosphor, screen glows.

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The processing unit of computer changes the data to binary form, which is then sent to the output device.

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A keyboard has 101 to 105 keys. There are different types of keys on the keyboard, which include the number keys, character keys and the various symbolic keys.

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A disk drive is a peripheral device used to record and retrieve information. Main implementations are hard disks, floppy disks and optical discs.

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An OMR device uses forms, which are pre-printed onto 'trans-optic' paper and measure the amount of light, which passes through the paper, thus a mark on either side of the paper will reduce the amount of light passing through the paper.

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'Input' is used when the programmer wants the user to input (enter) information such as his name. Thus, 'input' means what is sent to the computer.

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In impact printers, there is a mechanical contact between the print head and paper. They come in a lot of varieties such as, line printers, drum printers, daisy wheel printers and dot-matrix printers.

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This paper holds charges when voltages are applied with writing “nibs” (heads). These heads write dots on the paper as it passes.

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It is the device within each pixel that sets the charge.

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It is a data storage medium that is composed of a disk of thin, flexible magnetic storage medium. It is encased in a square or rectangular plastic shell.

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OMR (Optical Card Reader) is a device designed to read answers placed on a form or a document.

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A dot matrix printer is a type of computer printer with a print head that runs back and forth, or in an up and down motion, on the page and prints by impact, striking an ink-soaked cloth ribbon against the paper, much like a typewriter.

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The tracks are arranged in concentric rings so that the software can jump from "file 1" to "file 19" without having to fast forward through files 2-18.

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MICR is a character reading technology adopted mainly by the banking industry to facilitate the processing of cheques.

SOLUTION

It is a character reading technology adopted mainly by the banking industry to facilitate the processing of cheques.

SOLUTION

RAM (Random Access Memory) is a volatile memory, i.e., its contents are erased when the power goes off.

SOLUTION

This memory is a highly volatile memory because not only the power must be kept on but the capacitor charge must also be refreshed after every few milliseconds.

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It is a computing term for a four–bit aggregation.

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It is a typewriter like device, which is used to type in letters, digits and commands.

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A mic is an input device that converts the sound received into computer’s format, which is called digitized sound.

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Plotter is an output device. It is a vector graphics-printing device to print graphical plots.

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Diskette is another name for floppy disk. The floppy disks enable one to transfer small files between computers and also to store data / information as backup.

SOLUTION

They have a magnetic surface which allows the recording of data.

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CD-R is Compact Disk–Recordable. It allows us to write on one part of the disk once and another part at a later time. The data once written on this disk cannot be erased.

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ROM is read only memory because data can be only read from it and not modified.

SOLUTION

RAM is volatile in nature therefore on power failure the unsaved data gets erased.

SOLUTION

The physical components of a computer system are called hardware, which includes CPU, monitor, mouse etc.

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Storage capacity of hard disk is measured in GB. GB stands for Giga Bytes.

SOLUTION

A primary memory is the main memory in which we can store data, programs as well as results.

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A hard disk can store anywhere from 10 to more than 100 gigabytes.

SOLUTION

A memory cell stores one bit of information at a time. A collection of these bits make a word.

SOLUTION

A mouse is a pointer device that points on the location of the cursor on the screen.

SOLUTION

ROM is non-volatile in nature; hence, the contents are not lost even during power failure.

SOLUTION

ROM is non-volatile memory because it is not power dependent.

SOLUTION

Laser printers produce very high quality of output and are very fast.

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A mic or a microphone converts the sound received into computer’s format that is in digitalised sound.

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Alphanumeric keys include all the letters from a-z and numbers from 0-9.

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It refers to a class of printers that work by banging a head or needle against an ink ribbon to make a mark on the paper.

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Non-impact printers are much quieter than impact printers as there printing heads do not strike the paper.

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When memory is read or written, this is known as memory access. The time required to carry out an instruction is called memory access time.

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Cache is a special high speed storage mechanism. It can be either a reserved section of main memory or an independent high-speed storage device.

SOLUTION

AGP port (Accelerated Graphics Port) is used to connect to graphic card that provides high speed video performance, which is required in games and other multimedia applications.

SOLUTION

A visual display unit, often called simply a monitor or display, is a piece of electrical equipment that displays images generated from the video output of devices such as computers, without producing a permanent record.

SOLUTION

In computers, an output unit delivers information from the computer to an external device or from internal storage to external storage.

SOLUTION

Lawrence Peter statement means that a systematic approach in software design should be adopted to develop an acceptable and efficient solution.

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In order to produce robust programs, it should be coded to handle incorrect data or incorrect operations, which may cause run-time errors or abnormal termination of the program. This code is known as a guard code.

SOLUTION

There are broadly three types of errors: compile time errors, run time errors and logical errors.

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A fallacy is a component of an argument, which, being demonstrably flawed in its logic or form renders the argument invalid in whole.

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An error that happens only when the program is running is known as run time error.

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In logic, syntax comprises the rules governing the composition of texts in a formal language that constitute the properly formed formulas.

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In computer science, a syntax error refers to an error in the syntax of a sequence of characters or tokens that intends to be written in a particular programming language.

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In programming, semantics error means writing a valid programming structure with invalid logic. The compiler will generate instructions that the computer will execute because it understands the syntax of the programming statements but the output will not be correct.

SOLUTION

Code should be self- documenting. If the programmer's intention can be expressed by (a) self-documenting code (e.g. giving good variable names), or by (b) writing comments, always choose the former one.

SOLUTION

Prologue is a sequence of code instructions at the start of a function that preserves registers, sets the CPU state and establishes the stack. Different calling conventions use different prologues.

SOLUTION

The formatting style does not make any difference for a compiler, but the reader faces a lot of difficulty in understanding the program. Therefore, pretty printing is encouraged.

SOLUTION

In free formatting style, any number of programs can be written in one line using a statement operator.

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Explanatory comments explain the role and purpose of other identifiers (variables, constants) and statements.

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The fabs() function computes the absolute value of a floating-point number x.

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The semantics of a programming language describes the relationship between the syntactical elements and the model of computation.

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The setw() sets the number of characters to be used as the field width for the next insertion operation. So, it is included in the header file responsible for performing manipulations.

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In computing, C++ offers a library function called strcat, which allows one memory block to be appended to another memory block.

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The internal documentation includes comments, self-documenting code and program formatting (prettyprinting). The goal of all these features is to make the program readable, understandable and easily modifiable.

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The division of larger segments into multiple small segments is known as segmentation.

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It is the super processor only that decides everything, regarding which process is to execute on which processor and for how long.

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Primary memory is termed as non-destructive read memory since the read operation does not destruct the contents of a memory word. It is destructive write memory because the write operation destructs the contents of a memory word.

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Throughput is the number of units of work that can be handled per unit of time; for instance, requests per second, calls per day, hits per second, reports per year, etc.

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A rollback operation removes all changes made since the previous commit or rollback operation. The system also releases all locks related to the transaction.

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The condition in which two or more processes are blocked, each waiting for a lock held by the other is known as deadlock.

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Simultaneous execution of instructions by multiple processors within a single computer is known as multiple processing.

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The header ctype.h in the ANSI C standard library for the C programming language contains declarations for character classification functions.

SOLUTION

A keyboard is a data input device for computers; arrangement of keys is modelled after the typewriter keyboard.