SOLUTION

Shorthands simplify the coding of a certain type of assignment statement. Example: a+=143; is equal to a=a +143;

SOLUTION

A explicit type conversion is user-defined that forces an expression to be of specific type. Itis done as (type) expression.

SOLUTION

The explicit conversion of an operand to a specific type is called type casting.

SOLUTION

The statement a=b*3+k+8-b+6/8; will assign the value 12 in the variable a. Hence, the output of the code will be 12.

SOLUTION

In dynamically initialized Statement assignment statement is part of the declaration  

SOLUTION

5>6 || 5 <6 will evaluate to truth value of 1 implying yes since one portion of the expression is true.

SOLUTION

An expression is a sequence of operators, operands and constants.  An expression is evaluated to produce the result. 

SOLUTION

Unary means one. These operators perform on one operand. Eg a= -16 means a=16

SOLUTION

Conversion of all operands up to the type of largest operand is called Type promotion. In type promotion, the compiler automatically expands the binary representation of objects of integer or floating-point types. Type promotions are commonly used with types smaller than the native type of the targeted element.

SOLUTION

Literals are the most obvious kind of constants. They are the smallest unit of the program. In C++ literals are mainly classified into following types: Integer literal, Float literal , character literal and String literal.  

SOLUTION

Example of an expression: 5>6 || 5

SOLUTION

Pointer is a variable that stores the reference to another variable.

SOLUTION

It is a ternary operator, i.e., it requires three operands to operate on.

SOLUTION

A variable refers to a storage area whose contents can vary during programming.Variables should be known to the program before being used.

SOLUTION

Single line comments begin  by //  sign  while multi line or block comments can be done using /*….*/.

for example

// This is C++ document

/* This is C++ document
     Author name: XYZ */
    

SOLUTION

Basic streams used in c++ are:

(1) istream(cin): - used for input.

(2) ostream(cout): - used for output.

SOLUTION

< iostream.h > refers to a header file of iostream library which provides input and output functions. The header file Input/Output is included as these facilities are not defined within c++ language.They are implemented within a component of C++ standard liabrary.

SOLUTION

It makes the function like main( ) finish and return a value. Returning 0 is the most usual way of telling that the program has terminated and has not found any errors.

SOLUTION

These are the examples of Unary Operator:

++ Increment Operator- for incrementing the value.
-– decrement operator- for decrementing the value.

SOLUTION

The operators that require two operands to operate upon are called as binary operator.

SOLUTION

“marks” the size is 6, (5 for each character and 1 for special character '0' ).

SOLUTION

A stream is a sequence of bytes and at lowest level,files are interpreted as stream of bytes.

SOLUTION

Identifiers are the building blocks and they are used in general terminology. They are names given to different parts of a program, viz variables, objects, classes, functions, arrays etc.

SOLUTION

Individual words in a passage of text, punctuation marks are called tokens. It is the smallest individual unit in a program.

SOLUTION

Character set is a set of valid characters that a language can recognize.

SOLUTION

A sequence of digits preceded by 0x or OX is taken to be an hexdecimal integer. Eg: 12 will be written as OXC in hexadecimal integer.
The suffix l or L and u or U attached to any constant forces it to be represented as a long and unsigned respectively.

SOLUTION

Literals are also referred to as constants. They never change their value during program run. There are several kinds of literals in C++ eg:-integer-constant, character-constant.

SOLUTION

Keywords are the words that convey a special meaning to the language compiler.They are reserved words for special purpose and must not be used as normal names. There are a large number of keywords. Eg: char, integer, double etc.

SOLUTION

The C++ character set is-

1. Letters (A to Z, a to z ).

2. Digits (0 to 9).

3. Special Symbol (Space =  + * -  / ^ ( ) [ ] { } < > : ; “ ‘ , . ? | ! @ # $  % ^ & _ (underscore)).

4. White space, Blank space, Horizontal tab, Carriage return, New Line, form feed.

5. Other characters.

C++ can process 256 ASCII Characters as data or as String literal

SOLUTION

The code is as follows:
            cout<< "enter any number";

          cin >> a;

          cout << "the number entered is"  << a; 

SOLUTION

i) Hash or pound sign missing in the 1^st line.

ii) cout statement is within double quote (" ").

iii) return 0 should have a termination sign (;).

SOLUTION

Compiler translates the correct program into object or assembly instruction text. This process of translation is called code generation.The program execution takes place after the code is generated.

SOLUTION

a) Semantic error- This error occurs when statement are not meaningful. The word Semantic means a set of rules which give meaning to a statement.
Eg:-A+B=c;

Here, the expression A+B must be on the right side of the equal sign(=) and the right statement is c=A+B;
 

b) Data has associated data type.Eg the number 5 is an integer, ‘b’ is a Character constant and ‘Allah’ is a string. If a function is given a wrong data type, the compiler displays type error.

SOLUTION

Operators are the symbols that represents specific operations. Arithmetic operators carray out arithmetic for C++.

SOLUTION

The sizeof() is a unary compile time operator that returns the length of a variable, array, object or a data type in bytes.  

SOLUTION

A comma operator is used to string together several expressions. The group of expressions separated by commas(,) is evaluated left-to-right in sequence and the result of the right most expression becomes the value of the total comma-separated expressions.

SOLUTION

Arithmetic expression can either be integer expressions or real expressions. sometimes a mixed expression can also be formed which is a mixture of real and integer expressions.

SOLUTION

In C++ programming languages, the comma operator is a binary operator that evaluates its first operand and discards the result, and then evaluates the second operand and returns this value. It is basically used to strings together several expressions.

SOLUTION

The order of evaluation for logical operators is NOT (!) - AND(&&) –OR(||).

SOLUTION

C++ offers special shorthands to simplify simplify a certain type of assignment statements. The general form of is: var oper = expression

SOLUTION

A unary operator requires a single operand. Unary +, Unary -, ++, --, sizeof etc. are some unary operators in C++.

SOLUTION

After executing the statement i=15 ++i<=15; the value of i would be  0 i.e, false.

SOLUTION

Such expressions are legal but confusing.

SOLUTION

The != is a relational operator which indicates not equal to. Therefore , the statement x !=y implies x not equal to y.

SOLUTION

The process of converting one predefined type to another is called type casting. 

SOLUTION

Type casting is changing an entity of a data type from one type to another as per the need of program.

SOLUTION

Changing one type of value to another type is called type conversion. The explicit type conversion is done by the user as per the need of the program.

SOLUTION