SOLUTION

The syntax to declare an array is - type name[size]; Where "size" represents the number of elements in the array.

SOLUTION

Elements of arrays are referred to as arrayname[n], where n refers to the index number of the elements.

SOLUTION

An array is a collection of variables of the same data type that are referenced by a common name.

SOLUTION

An array is a collection of variables of the same type that are referenced by a common name. All arrays consist of contiguous memory location.

SOLUTION

Data type declares the base type of the array, which is the type of each element in the array.

SOLUTION

Individual characters of a string can be easily accessed as they are the elements of the character array.

SOLUTION

Array should be declared as well as defined before it can be used to store information.

SOLUTION

An array is a derived data type that is based on other basic data types. It is a collection of variables of the same type that are referenced by a common name.

SOLUTION

The syntax to declare an array that holds characters is type name[size]; So it will be char strg[15];

SOLUTION

In multi-dimensional array it is necessary to mension the size of the array but the size of the first dimension is optional.

SOLUTION

While defining a two-dimensional array it is necessary to declare the size. In 2-D array the size of first dimension is optional but we need to mention the second dimension.

SOLUTION

To access the elements of two-dimensional array we can use nested loop. Example of a code to access an array A[3][3] is given below - for(i=0;i<3;i++) { for(j=0;j<3;j++) { cin>>A[i][j]; } }

SOLUTION

C++ does not have a string data type rather it implements string as single-dimensional character array.

SOLUTION

The immediate application of structure is Database Management.

SOLUTION

To declare an array of structures, we must first define a structure and then declare an array variable of that type.

SOLUTION

Yes, functions can return structures or its references.

SOLUTION

To access a strcuture member, we use the Dot(.) operator.

SOLUTION

#define Preprocessor directive

SOLUTION

In C++, we can define a new data type using a typedef keyword.

SOLUTION

A structure is a collection of logically related variables referenced under one name.

SOLUTION

The error in the above code is that structure of different type has been assigned to a structure of some other type. Here, S1 and S2 are structures of different types and hence, cannot be assigned to one another.

SOLUTION

The data-items enclosed within a structure are known as members and they can be of the same or different data-types. Hence, a structure can be viewed as a heterogeneous user-defined data-type.

SOLUTION

The error in the above code is in the following statement:

        age =25

        cout < < e.name < < age;

SOLUTION

Structure is actually a class (in C++) declared with keyword struct. By default, all members are public in a structure. On the other hand, all members are private by default in classes.

SOLUTION

In C language, we can declare only the member variables, whereas, a C++ structure can hold data members as well as member functions.

SOLUTION

Arrays bring together a group of items of the same data type, whereas structures bring together a group of related data items of any data type.

SOLUTION

Although arrays greatly improved our ability to store data, there is one major drawback to their use – each element (each box) in an array must be of the same data type. It is often desirable to group data of different types and work with that grouped data as one entity. We now have the power to accomplish this grouping with a new data type called a structure.

A structure is a collection of variable types grouped together. You can refer to a structure as a single variable and to its parts as members of that variable by using the dot (.) operator.

SOLUTION

The memory map is as follows:

SOLUTION

SOLUTION

The error is in the following statement:

           cout<< v.signature << v.status;

while printing signature and status, v[i].signature and v[i].status should be used.

SOLUTION

SOLUTION

There are several important uses of the typedef statement.
(i) It helps in effective documentation of a program, thus increasing its clarity. It enhances ease of maintenance of the program.
(ii) It is used for declaring new data types involving structures.
(iii) Usage of typedef is in writing portable programs. The sizes of different data types are dependent on the compiler. For instance, the size of an integer is two bytes on a 16-bit compiler and four bytes on a 32-bit compiler. Portability is achieved by type-declaring an integer as follows:
                   typedef long int INT;

SOLUTION

struct student

        {

                int rollno;

                char name[21];

                float marks[3];

        };

        student report[5]

{
{01,”Amit”,{76.0,56.5,67.0}},   //struct 0

               {02,”Aarushi”,{82.0,96.0,85.0}},  //struct 1
               {03,”John”,{62.0,72.0,67.0}},    //struct 2
               {04,”Neha”,{71.0,69.0,57.0}},  //struct 3
               {05,”Vibha”,{70.0,77.5,81.0}},  //struct 4

SOLUTION

The size of an array defines how many elements the array will hold. It must be an integer value or integer constant without any sign.

SOLUTION

An array declaration specifies a variable type and a name along with size, to specify the number of data items the array will contain. The declaration should be terminated by semicolon.

SOLUTION

Array is a data structure consisting of a group of elements that are accessed by indexing. Each element of an array has the same data type and the array occupies a contiguous area of storage.

SOLUTION

The syntax of single dimension array is “datatype arrayname[size]” whereas multi dimension arrays are accessed using more than one index. For example names[][].

SOLUTION

The array a[4]contains four elements. In c++ subscripts of an array starts with the 0.

SOLUTION

The given statement "char names[20]" declares an array of names of base type char, which can hold 20 elements.

SOLUTION

The statement "int students[30];" declares an array of students of base type int, which can hold 30 elements. The index of an array always starts from 0 to (n-1).

SOLUTION

An Array always stores element in the contiguous memory location. The address of the first element is also known as the base address of the array.

SOLUTION

Matrix is a useful concept of mathematics. Matrices can be represented through 2-D (two-dimensional) arrays.

SOLUTION

An array of strings is a two-dimensional character array. the size of first index(rows) determines the number of strings and the size of second index(columns) determines maximum length of each string. So subscript 5 will determine the number of strings.  

SOLUTION

In C++ language integer takes 2 bytes in memory and char takes 1 byte in memory.

SOLUTION

“string.h” header file has defined string functions in it like strlen, strcpy. These functions cannot be used without using string.h header file.

SOLUTION

In the following statement char city[] = {'c','a','l','c','u','t','t','a'} semi-colon is missing. So it is an illegal statement in C++.

SOLUTION

In float x[n] n has to be a constant.

SOLUTION

In a function the arrays are passed by reference.

SOLUTION

null character marks the end of a string.

SOLUTION

In the two-dimensional array the first index points to the row number and second index points to the column number. the index [0][0] will give  access to the element of 0th row and 0th column i.e. 68.

SOLUTION

Compiler automatically calculates the dimensions of the arrays in an unsized array.

SOLUTION

Like other variables an array can be passed in a function as parameter.

SOLUTION

In a single-dimensional array total bytes required by it is always dependent on the type and size of dimensions. here total required byte is calculated using the formula - sizeof(type) X size of the dimension i.e. 1 X 15 = 15. char size is 1.

SOLUTION

typedef double wages;
typedef unsigned int bit-vector;
typedef float money;
typedef unsigned char grade;

SOLUTION

struct distance

{

        float feet;

        float inches;

};

struct time

{

        int hrs;

        int mins;

        int secs;

};

struct tour

{

        distance d1;

        time t1;

};

SOLUTION

Yes, structure variables can be initialised at the point of their definition.

Example:

struct Student

{

int roll_no;

char name[25];

char branch[15];

int marks;

};

A variable of the structure Student can be initialised as follows:

SOLUTION

The entire structure can be passed to the function both ways:

(i) By value and (ii) By reference

Call-by-Value: When a structure is used as an argument to a function, the entire structure is passed using the standard call-by-value method. Of course, this means that any changes made to the contents of the structure inside the function to which it is passed do not affect the structure used as an argument.

Call-by-Reference: Structures can be passed by reference just as other simple types. When a structure is passed by reference, the called function declares a reference for the passed structure and refers to the original structure elements through its reference. Thus, the called function works with the original values.

SOLUTION

C++ provides two different mechanism to pass a structure variable into a function –

(i) Call by Value – Here function can receive the values by creating its own copy for them. 

(ii) Call by Reference – Here function receives the references of the original variables.

/* Passing individual structure elements */

void main()

{

     struct book

     {

         char name[25];

         char author[25];

         int callno;

          };

          struct book b1 = {“Let us C++”, “YPK”, 101}

          display(b1.name, b1.author, b1.callno);

      }

      display(char *s, char *t, int n)

      {

            cout < < s << t < < n;

SOLUTION

An array can contain similar elements and the combination having structures within an array is an array of structures.

Syntax to declare a 100-element array of structures of type addr –

             addr mem_addr[100];

This creates 100 sets of variables that are organised as defined in the structure addr.

Syntax to access a specific structure, index the structure name. For instance, to print the houseno of structure 8, write –

         cout<< mem_addr[7].houseno;

Example of Arrays of Structures:

void main()

{

      struct book

      {

           char name;

           float price;

            int pages;

       };

       struct book b[100];

       int i;

       for(i=0;i<99;i++)

      {

            cout<< ”Enter name, price and pages”;

            cin>>b[i].name>>b[i].price>>b[i].pages;

      }

      for(i=0;i<99;i++)

             cout<< b[i].name < < b[i].price < < b[i].pages;

SOLUTION

The array size must be an unsigned integer constant. The correct form is : float a[40];

SOLUTION

The name of the array is missing. The correct form is : double arrayname[40];

SOLUTION

The base type cannot appear after array name and size . The correct form is: float amt[35];

SOLUTION

In C++, all arrays consist of contiguous memory locations. The lowest address corresponds to the first element and the highest address to the last element.

SOLUTION

In computer programming, scope is an enclosing context where values and expressions are associated. It decides the lifetime of a variable or function.

SOLUTION

The total number of bytes required = number of rows X number of columns X sizeof(base type). The bytes occupied by a long variable or element is 4 bytes. So the total bytes occupied by the array A is 5 X 10 X 4=200.

SOLUTION

The total number of bytes required = number of rows X number of columns X size(of base type). Short is 2 bytes. So, 34X2 =68.

SOLUTION

The number of elements in the array A is 34 as it is the one-dimensional array.

SOLUTION

C++ treats the name of an array as a pointer, i.e., memory address of the first element of the array.

SOLUTION

Number of elements in the array a[m][n] = number of rows (m) X number of columns(n). So the number of elements in the array A[5][40] is 200.

SOLUTION

An array is a collection of elements of the same data type, that occupies contiguous memory locations.

SOLUTION

One space is needed for null character, which acts as a termination symbol.

SOLUTION

An array can also be visualize as a stack of elements.

SOLUTION

C++ does not provide any limitations on the number of dimensions in multi-dimensional array. It is always compiler dependent.

SOLUTION

C++ allows us to skip the size of the array in an array initialization statement. This is called as unsized array initialization.

SOLUTION

The size of a 2-D array is calculated as rows x columns x size of array’s base type. Here, the array base type is double, which is equal to 8 bytes. Hence, 8 x 6 x 4 =192.

SOLUTION

The size of a 2-D array is calculated as rows x columns x size of array’s base type. Here, it will be 4 x 6 x 5 =120.

SOLUTION

In two-dimensional arrays, the first index indicates the row and the second index indicates the column.

SOLUTION

The number of elements in an array can be calculated as number of elements in rows x number of elements in columns.

SOLUTION

The size of a 1-D array is calculated as number of elements in an array x size of an array's base type. Here, base type is float, which takes 4 bytes. It takes 24 bytes for its storage .i.e. 4x6 = 24.

SOLUTION

The size of a 1-D array is calculated as number of elements in an array x size of an array‘s base type. Here, base type is int, which takes 2 bytes. It takes 20 bytes for its storage i.e. 2X10 = 20.

SOLUTION

A string is a one-dimensional character array which requires one extra character i.e. null character to indicate the termination of the string.

SOLUTION

In C++ an integer element occupies 2 bytes in memory.

SOLUTION

In one-dimensional array, elements are stored in contiguous memory locations.

SOLUTION

Data structures like trees, binary trees, graphs and heaps are non-linear data structures, as the elements are stored in random order.

SOLUTION

A data structure is said to be linear if its elements form a sequence or a linear list. For example - Arrays and Linked List

SOLUTION

The data structure, which contains different types of data, is known as non-homogeneous data structure.

SOLUTION

When items or entities in a group are similar, then they are said to be homogeneous. Similarly, when the elements of the data structure are of the same type,then it is known as homogeneous data structure.

SOLUTION

In computing, a base address is an address serving as a reference point ("base") for other addresses.

SOLUTION

A string of characters is stored in successive elements of a character array and terminated by the null character.

SOLUTION

A 2-D array stores the elements row-wise as well as column-wise as it is a two-dimensional array which stores the element in the form of row and column.

SOLUTION

An array is a data structure consisting of a group of elements of same type that are accessed by indexing.

SOLUTION

A string of characters is stored in successive elements of a character array and terminated by the null character. The array subscripts in C++ starts with number 0 and not 1. So, msg[5] will be used by null character.

SOLUTION

A string of characters is stored in successive elements of a character array and is terminated by the null character.

SOLUTION

Tag, the type name given to the structure becomes a reserved word within the scope of the structure.

SOLUTION

When a structure is used as an argument to a function, the entire structure is passed using the standard call by value method.

SOLUTION

A structure may be defined as a member of another structure. In such structures, the declaration of the embedded structure must appear before the declarations of other structures.

SOLUTION

Preprocessor commands are called Directives, and begin with a pound / hash symbol(#). No white space should appear before the #, and a semicolon is NOT required at the end.

SOLUTION

typedef does not actually create a new data class, rather it defines a new name for an existing data type.

SOLUTION

An array is a collection of variables of same data type. Since an array contains similar elements, the combination having structures within an array is an array of structures.

SOLUTION

Structures passed through reference refers to the original elements through its reference. Thus, the called function works with the original values.