SOLUTION

During the promotion of the company, promoters enter into certain contracts with third parties on behalf of the company. These contracts are called preliminary contracts. Preliminary contracts are signed before the incorporation of the company.

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The exact address of the registered office is not required at the initial stage while submitting the documents to the registrar but the same must be notified to the Registrar within thirty days of the incorporation of the company.

SOLUTION

Formation of a company is a complex activity involving different stages. Promotion is the first stage of forming any type of company.

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A public company can commence business after obtaining certificate to commence business.

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Memorandum of Association contains various clauses, one of them is object clause which specifies the objects of a company. It is the most important clause.

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Prospectus is issued by a company to invite public to purchase its shares or debentures or to receive deposits from the public.

SOLUTION

Incorporation of a company means the registration of company as a corporate body under the provisions of the Companies Act.

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A promoter is the person who does the required work before the formation of the company for its incorporation. A promoter plans and organizes the business and fulfills all the legal formalities.

SOLUTION

A Certificate of Incorporation is a certificate issued by the Registrar of Companies, which is a proof that company is registered.

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Certificate of Commencement of Business is mandatory for public companies with share capital. The company can start its functioning after getting the Certificate of Commencement of Business.

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According to SEBI guidelines minimum subscription has been fixed at 90% of the entire issue.

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Return on Allotment is a statement consisting of all the details related to the allotment of shares It is signed by directors.

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These are the contracts entered into by the promoters on the behalf of the company before its incorporation with the third company. These are signed before incorporation by the promoters.

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There are two values associated with a variable: lvalue and rvalue.

SOLUTION

A function is a named part of a program that can be invoked from other parts of the program.

SOLUTION

Some user defined data types are: Class, Structure, Union and Enumeration.

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The keyword ‘const’ can be initialised at the time of declaration. Its value remains same throughout the program and it can never be changed during program run.

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Union

SOLUTION

A class represents a group of similar objects.

SOLUTION

In C++, data types can be classified into two types:

SOLUTION

Pointer

SOLUTION

In a programming language, data type can be defined as a set of data with values having predefined characteristics.

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L or l suffix indicates it is long integer constant. Thus, 24L is a long integer constant and 24 is an integer constant.

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A union is a memory location that is shared by two or more different variables generally of different types at different times. The keyword Union is used for declaring and creating union.

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A number having a fractional part ie a decimal part is a floating point number.

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Fundamental data types are those that are not composed of other data types.
Five fundamental data types are:
int data type (for integers), char data type (for characters), float data type (for floating-point numbers), double data type (for double-precision floating point numbers), void data type (for empty set of values and non returning functions)

SOLUTION

An enumeration is a user-defined type consisting of a set of named constants.

Definition of enumerated type:

enum [tag] [: type] {enum-list} [declarator];

Declaration of variable of type tag:

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In a structure, all the data types are public, but in a class they are private. A structure stores only members of different data types, whereas a class stores both variables and members.

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In a structure, all the members can be accessed at once, whereas in union, only one member can be used at a time. In a structure, each member has its own memory space, whereas in union, one block is used by all the members of the union.

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Data types that are composed of fundamental data types are called derived data types. Following are the various derived data types: Arrays, Functions, Pointers, Structures and Unions.

SOLUTION

In C++, a variable can be declared in the following three ways:

   (1) Declare a variable

         int val;

(2) Declare and Initialize a variable

      int val = 10;

   (3) Declare and Dynamic Initialization of variable

      int val = (b*c) – p;

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An array can hold multiple elements of same data type, whereas a structure can hold multiple elements of different data types. The component element of an array is referenced by the array name and the index value, whereas the component element of a structure is referenced by the structure name and the element name.

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It is another name for an object. A reference variable provides an alias for a previously defined variable.

SOLUTION

Memorandum of Association is the fundamental document which defines the objects for which a company is incorporated. It is the charter of the company.

Its clauses are :

• Name Clause-Under this clause the corporate name of the company is stated with the name “Limited” or “Private Limited” as the last word in its name. The name should not be similar to the name of any registered company. No company can be registered by the name which is not desired by the Central Government.
• Domicile Clause: Under this clause the company is required to mention the state in which registered office of the company is situated. The exact address of the registered office is not required at the primary stage but it must be notified to the registrar within thiry days of the incorporation of the company.
• Objects Clause: It defines the scope of operations of the company’s activities by enumerating a long series of objects and purposes for which a company is started. The object clause must contain the main objects of the company and the other objects related with it for the completion of main objects. The company is not entitled to carry any of the business which is not mentioned in the object clause.
• Liability Clause: This clause states that the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. If a shareholder has purchased 100 shares of 10 each and has already paid 8 per share on his shares. Now his liability is limited upto the unpaid amount that is 2 per share.
• Capital Clause: It shows the amount of share capital with which the company is going to be registered and its division into number of shares. This capital is called registered capital and a company cannot issue shares more than the registered capital in its lifetime unless making change into capital caluse.
• Association Clause: This clause signifies the desire of the signatories to form themselves into a body corporate. All the signatories give their consent to purchase qualification shares also.

SOLUTION

Promotion refers to the process of establishing new business enterprises. It is grabbing a business opportunity & converting it into a new company. Promotion includes the preliminary work incidental to formation of a company.

A promoter performs all the necessary functions for the incorporation of a company. Promoter has a unique legal position in a company.

The functions of promoters are:

• Identification of Business Opportunity- It is the first and vary important function of a promoterm to identify an opportunity. The opportunity should be in respect of producing some new product or service or making some innovation having an investment opportunity.
• Detailed Investigation- Having identified a business opportunity the promoters undertake detailed examination to satisfy them regarding profitability of the proposition. Because it may not be feasible or profitable to convert all indentified business opportunitites into real projects.
• Naming a Company- The promoters have to select a name of the company in such a manner that it is not identical to the name of other company. After selecting the name an application to the registrar of companies of the state in which the registered office of the company is to be situated, for its approval. The name may be approved if it is not considered undesirable.
• Fixing up Signatories- Promoters have to decide that who will be signing the Memorandum of Association of the proposed company. The people who sign memorandum are called the first directors of the company. There written consent to act as directors and to take up the qualification shares in the company is necessary.
• Entering into preliminary contracts - The promoters enter into contracts with different parties before incorporation of company. Certain professionals such as mercantile bankers, auditors etc., are appointed by the promoters to assist them in the preparation of necessary documents which are required to submit to the registrar of companies.
• Preparing Preliminary Documents- The promoters take steps to prepare the necessary documents required for obtaining the certificate of incorporation and certificate of commencement of business. After preparing these documents are to be submitted to the office of the registrar of the companies. These documents include Memorandum of Association, Articles of Association and Prospectus.

SOLUTION

SOLUTION

Multimedia is media and content that uses a combination of different content forms. Multimedia includes a combination of text, audio, still images, animation, video and interactivity content forms.

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Internet is used for finding information and communication.

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Multimedia refers to usage of multiple media such as text, graphics, video and audio at the same time.

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Gateways regulate traffic between two dissimilar networks. They are usually a combination of both hardware and software. A gateway can connect entirely dissimilar networks or it can connect dissimilar systems on the same network.

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A web portal is a web site hosting many other web sites.

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A hyperlink is an icon, graphic or a word in a file, which when clicked with the mouse opens another file for viewing or takes the user to another location in the file. The most common example of hypertext today is the World Wide Web where web pages contain hyperlinks to other documents and web pages.

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The three letter suffix .edu is known as an extension. Extensions can provide clues about the source of a site. The extension .edu in this URL means that the site is associated with an educational institution. Other common extensions include .com, .org and .gov.

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Researchers for the Department of Defense developed what was then called Arpanet, developed Internet to allow communication between university research computers. This network was designed so that it could function even if individual locations were destroyed by nuclear or military attack.

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A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) that specifies where an identified resource is available and the mechanism for retrieving it.

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Here, it specifies that microsoft.com web site should be fetched using HTTP protocol. The protocol is always followed by ”://”.

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FTP or File Transfer Protocol is a standard that allows users to transfer files from one computer to another using a modem and telephone lines. Like HTTP, FTP is a protocol that provides a way of uploading and downloading files.

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Hyper Text Transfer Protocol is a set of rules and conventions describing how data can be transferred between two devices.

SOLUTION

HTTP is a request-response standard typical of client-server computing. In HTTP, web browsers act as clients, while an application running on the computer hosting the web site acts as a server.

SOLUTION

Web is a collection of interconnected documents and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs all over the world.

SOLUTION

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol is a set of rules and conventions describing how data can be transferred between two devices.

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Hyperlink refers to a dynamic link upon clicking at which a new web page or a program can be opened.

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A web search engine is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web. The information may consist of web pages, images, information and other types of files.

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Functions are of two types:

(1) Build-in function: These functions are part of the compiler.

(2) User-defined function: These functions are created by programmer.

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Process of initialization of the variable at run time is known as dynamic initialization.

SOLUTION

class are private by default, whereas members of a struct are public by default. Inheritance between classes is also private by default, and inheritance between structs is public by default.

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An array can hold multiple elements of the same data type whereas a structure can hold multiple elements of different data types.

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A structure is a collection of variables of different data types under one name.
The keyword struct is used to construct a structure.

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A function is a subprogram that acts on data and often used to return a value.

SOLUTION

There are following elements:

a[0][0], a[0][1], a[0][2],
a[1][0], a[1][1], a[1][2]

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Array refers to a named list of a finite number of elements of similar data types.

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Sports scores, Population, Inventory count etc.

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Letters, symbols etc are represented in memory by associated number codes.

SOLUTION

They are represented by data type 'int'.

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(1) char: - This data type is used to represent single character.
(2) string: - This data type is used to represent set of character.

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Data is of various forms and this data can be handled by data types.

SOLUTION

Data types are of the following two types:-

(1) Fundamental data type and

(2) Derived data type

SOLUTION

A variable is a storage location that can contain any number or characters. The two values associated with the symbolic variable are:

1. rvalue: It is the data value stored at some location in memory.  
2. lvalue: It is the location value, i.e., the address in memory at which its data value is stored.

SOLUTION

The program to find an ASCII value of the given character is as follows:

#include< iostream.h >

#include< stdio.h >

#include< conio.h >

int main()

{

clrscr();

int number;

char character;

cout<<"Type a character.n";

cin>>character;

number = character;

cout<<"Character"<< character;

cout<<"is represented as  "<< number;

getch();

return 0;

}

SOLUTION

The rules for assigning data types are as follows:

•  Assign short, int or long data types when we are sure that a variable is an integer.
•  Assign float or double when fractional numbers.
•  Assign char if the variable always contains one character of data. This means only one letter (or character).

SOLUTION

A program to check whether a given number is even or odd:

#include< iostream.h>

#include< stdio.h>

#include< conio.h>

int main()

{

int number;

cout<< "Enter a number";

cin>>number;

if (number%2==0)

cout<< number<<"is even";

else

cout<< number<<"is odd";

getch();

return 0;

}

SOLUTION

These are the derived data types:
i)Array
ii) Functions
iii) Pointers
iv) reference
v) structures
vi) unions and
vii) enumerations

SOLUTION

class student

        {

        int stu_id;

        char name[20];

       int marks;

       char subject;

        }  

SOLUTION

The three letter suffix .edu is known as an extension. Extensions can provide clues about the source of a site. The extension .edu in this URL means that the site is associated with an educational institution. Other common extensions include .com, .org and .gov.

SOLUTION

The World Wide Web is a subset of the Internet. Specifically, the Web is a collection of documents and applications residing on Internet servers around the world.

SOLUTION

A server is a computer program that delivers (serves) content such as web pages, using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), over the World Wide Web.

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In Internet, most of the computers are not connected directly to the Internet; rather they are connected in small networks, which in turn are connected through gateways to Internet backbone. The gateway is the ISP that connects the user to the internet.

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Leased lines are direct cables laid from our computer to ISP server. It is a direct connection to Internet and is available for 24 hours.

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The top-level web page on web site that gets displayed upon opening a web-site is called home page.

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Web Browser is software that navigates through World Wide Web and display web pages.

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Advanced Research Projects NETwork, is a network established in 1969 to connect computers at different universities and U.S.Defense.

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The http specifies the type of server in which the file is located.

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Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a protocol used by WWW to create, display and link hypertext files.

SOLUTION

URL is divided into three parts:

1.         The protocol ("http")

2.         The server name ("www.msn.com")

3.         The file name ("web-server.htm")

SOLUTION

Those machines that provide services (like Web servers or FTP servers) to other machines are servers.

SOLUTION

A protocol is a set of rules governing an operation or an application.

SOLUTION

Multimedia refers to usage of multiple media such as text, photographs, graphics, video and audio at the same time. A multimedia file is a combination of media like text, graphics, video and audio.

SOLUTION

The full form of URL is Uniform Resource Locator. A URL refers to an address on the internet. Billions of documents/ multimedia files can be accessed on Internet through their URLs.

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Network is a group of devices linked to one another, e.g., network of trains, cable network.

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The link between Web pages is known as hyperlink. It is the link that leads from one document to another.

SOLUTION

A dial-up connection is a temporary connection which is set between computer and ISP server. It is established using a modem, which uses the telephone line to dial up the number of ISP server.

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A gateway is a device that connects dissimilar networks, whereas a Backbone is a central interconnecting structure that connects one or more networks.

SOLUTION

Client/server is a computational architecture that involves client processes requesting service from server processes. Client programs request service from a server by sending it a message. Server programs process client requests by performing the tasks requested by clients.

SOLUTION

Internet Explorer is still the most commonly used Web browser. It has been the most widely used Web browser since 1999.

SOLUTION

HTTP is used on the WWW for transferring web pages and files of various websites.

SOLUTION

Web browsers often provide a graphical interface that let users click icons, buttons and menu options to view and navigate webpages.

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A client computer uses its software programs to make requests from server computers over a network. The server computers then process the request and handle delivery back to the client.

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Electronic mail, most commonly abbreviated as email or e-mail, is a method of exchanging digital messages.

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A Web browser access the webpage from a Web server by a request or query generated by the client or user.

SOLUTION

HTTP is a request-response standard typical of client-server computing. In HTTP, web browsers act as clients, while an application running on the computer hosting the web site acts as a server.