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Client Server computing involves three components,i.e., Clients, Servers and network. The clients are software or computers which requests different types of services. The server is a powerful computer that provides service and network connects various clients to each other and to the server.

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HTML is HyperText Markup Language. 
Hypertext is the method by which we move around on the web, by clicking hyperlinks which in turns brings us on next page.
Markup is what HTML tags do to the text inside them. They mark it as a certain type of text.
HTML is a language, as it is code-words and syntax like any other language.

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A web server program is software that runs on the web site hosting Server computer. Its main purpose is to serve web pages; which mean it waits for requests from web browsers (also known as clients) and responds by sending the required data back.

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A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is a specific type of URI (Universal Resource Identifier). The URL specifies the address of a file and every file on the Internet has a unique address.
Format of a URL:
Protocol://site address/path/filename
Example:
http://www.javasun.com/webserver/architecture.html

above URL consists of:
·         Protocol: http 
·         Host computer name: www 
·         Domain name: javasun 
·         Domain type: com 
·         Path: /webserver
·         File name: architecture.html

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The most common features of World Wide Web (WWW) are as follows:
a)User Friendly: Web Browsers are very user friendly.
b) Multimedia Documents: WWW allows and supports Internet users to create, link or display multimedia web pages.
c)  Hypertext and Hyperlinks: WWW supports fully hypertext files and hyperlinks upon clicking at which a new page is opened.
d) Interactive: WWW, supports and enables interactivity between users and server.
e) Frames: Frames displays more than one independently controllable section on single web page.

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The World Wide Web is a huge collection of hypertext documents and hypermedia. It has facilitated easy access to information over the Internet. It was created by Tim Berners-Lee and introduced to the world in 1991. It is a collection of interconnected documents and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs.

The network of web servers serves as the backbone of the World Wide Web. The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is used to gain access to the web. A web browser makes a request for a particular web page to the web server, which in turn responds with the requested web page and its contents. It then displays the web page as rendered by HTML or other web languages used by the page. Each resource on the web is identified by a globally unique identifier (URI). Each web page has a unique address, with the help of which a browser accesses it.

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Internet protocols refer to all the standards that keep the Internet running. The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol by which data is sent from one computer to another on the Internet. Each computer (known as a host) on the Internet has at least one IP address that uniquely identifies it from all other computers on the Internet.
Types of Internet Protocols:
1.  FTP (File Transfer Protocol): allows users to move files from one computer to another. Using the FTP program, a user can logon to a remote computer, browse through its files and either download or upload files.
2.  HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): used on the World Wide Web for transferring web pages and files contained in web pages.

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For video conferencing, we need special software for making it work and in terms of hardware we need digital camera and speakers for seeing and talking with each other. An Internet Connection should also be there.

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There is a utility program available on yahoo Home page named “People search” used to search person’s record, i.e., e-mail id just by giving the name in the text box provided by this Utility.

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In telecommunications, a wildcard character is a character that may be substituted for any of a defined subset of all possible characters. In some command line interfaces, such as the Unix shell and Microsoft's Command prompt, the asterisk ‘*’ is the wildcard character and stands for any string of characters. This is also known as a wildcard symbol. A common use of the wildcard is used in searching for files on a computer.

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For searching a query we enclose it in quotes or put some punctuation marks (; -) as we want it to be treated as a single phrase or rather as a series of individual search terms.

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Uniform Resource Locator(URL) identify resources in the Web, e.g., documents, images, downloadable files, services, electronic mailboxes and other resources.

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Web server is a computer that stores web pages and delivers them on request to the Web browsers of client computers. It stores various electronic documents in one or several document databases.

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URL (Uniform resource locator) is an address of a file on Internet. It specifies where an identified resource is available and the mechanism for retrieving it.

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The browser application retrieves or fetches code, usually written in HTML (Hypertext Markup Language). All of the information on the web is composed of code written in HTML.

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A Web browser is a computer program (also known as a software application) that knows how to communicate with a Web server on the Internet and request a Web page. It is also able to interpret the markup language in order to properly display a Web page on a computer screen.

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A machine asking for information from a server is a client. Machines can act as both clients and servers, depending on what action they're performing at the time.

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The search engine looks for the web documents and their addresses on internet in its database using search algorithm.

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Server machines use numbered ports for each of their services. For example, a server machine running a Web server and an FTP server will use different port numbers for each service.

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The three parts include the host name, the domain name and the top-level domain name (for example, .com or .org).

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Web servers locate specific Web pages with Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, which are written out as a series of numbers.

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The letters URL stand for Uniform Resource Locator. A URL is like an address and represents a specific Internet resource.

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Newsgroup is a Discussion group or an online forum for individuals to discuss various topics amongst each other. People add their comments by posting a block of text to the group. Others can then comment and respond.

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File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used to copy a file from one host to another over a TCP/IP-based network, such as the Internet. FTP is built on client-server architecture and utilizes separate control and data connections between the client and server applications. So, it is necessary to have the FTP Client Program on the System to make a connection.

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Email address is divided into two parts, i.e., User name and domain name. On the left side of @ separator is the user name and on the right side of @ separator is server name.

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Electronic mail or email is an extremely cost-effective way to transmit information around the world.

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A browser is an application program that provides a way to look at and interact with all the information on the World Wide Web.

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A POP3 or an IMAP server handles all incoming e-mail messages.

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A Simple Mail Transfer Protocol server handles outgoing e-mail messages.

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E-mail clients are applications that allow sending, receiving and viewing e-mails. Some are desktop applications like Microsoft Outlook. Others, like Gmail are Web-based services.

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TELNET is the protocol which is used for accessing computers at remote places. It is also used to connect to thousands of catalogs at libraries around the world.

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The correct format of email address is username@hostname. Before the “@”, symbol email account holder’s name appears and after “@” symbol the name of mail server appears.

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A website is like a file cabinet that contains folders, which in turn contain web pages and images.

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The activity of browsing through the information and sites available on the Internet is known as net surfing.

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Blog is a kind of web site that often provides commentary or news on a particular subject such as food, politics or local news.

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Yes, it allows teachers and students to begin conversations or add information on a single place, which will be published on the internet.

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e-groups refer to an online community where people discuss on topics of common interests. Examples: 
• groups.yahoo.com 
• groups.google.com 
• groups.drupal.org 
• www.flickr.com

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Following are the names of some educational newsgroups that can be helpful for the students as well as for teachers: 
• alt.education.research 
• alt.education.disabled 
• alt.education.distance 
• misc.education.multimedia 
• misc.education.science 
• kl2.chat.teacher 
• kl2.ed.science 
• kl2.ed.math

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A conversation on a group can have message, its responses and replies. All these (belonging to single conversation, i.e, single topic) together are known as threaded conversation or threaded message.

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Social networking is the grouping of individuals into specific groups, like small rural communities or a neighborhood subdivision, through social sites.

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The user who keeps the blogs and regularly updates it, is known as the blogger. A blogger can be anyone who sends the posts (entries or information in the blogs are known as posts).

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All the messages are listed together on a discussion board, which is viewable to all the members of a group. Messages posted in such discussions are known as posts.

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The process of shopping over internet is known as online shopping. Both, products and services can be purchased by online shopping.

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Spider software is a program that automatically fetches Web pages. Another term for these programs is webcrawler.

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Following are the steps for using the newsgroup: 
• To search for the “Latest updates” Mr.Rao must first open the club site of yahoo, i.e., clubs.yahoo.com and search for “Latest Updates” in it. 
• Now, it will display some results from which he can select the desired one. 
• First, he needs to be a member of this club by clicking on “join this club” link and follow the instructions given by the yahoo site. 
• Once he becomes the member, he can post his messages over it by typing the desired message in the box and then click at “post message”. 
• He can read messages by clicking at its title. One can reply a message by clicking at Reply button.

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e-learning refers to the learning that takes place in an electronically simulated environment. It allows you to learn from anywhere and at any time. It is possible by an Internet connection, a network, an intranet or a storage disk. The advantages of e-learning include – less expensive, self paced, faster, increased retention etc.

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An email address format is username@hostname. Raman must type his friend’s email id correctly, i.e., username on the left side of @ and domain name (gmail.com) on the right side of @ symbol.

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Emoticons are the symbols used to express emotions or convey facial expressions.

Acronyms are like shorthand abbreviations that are used to speed up typing. Example: CU means see you, WB means Welcome Back.

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To search web pages pertaining to specific information on google.com, follow the below mentioned steps:

1. Go to the home page of the search engine (google.com).

2. Type the information to be searched in the given search box.

3. Now click at search button next to it.

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Search engines use spider software or webcrawler, which comb the internet looking for documents and their web addresses. Spiders are given direction by the search engines and they crawl from one server to another, compiling lists of URLs given by search engines.

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A web browser acts as a client that navigates through world wide web and displays web pages whereas a web server acts as a server that stores web documents and responds to the request made by web browser.

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Uploading refers to the process of transferring files from one’s local machine onto a net server.

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When we enter keywords for searching, the search engine software searches its database using particular search method called search algorithm and displays the required documents.

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The HTML tags normally come in pairs, i.e., an opening tag and a closing tag. For example, < html > is an opening tag and < /html > is a closing tag.

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Tags are HTML commands that indicate how part of web page should be displayed.

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HTML is the basic language used to write web pages. It allows web sites to bring together graphics, music, videos and links. The HTML code can be saved, given the desired file name along with .html or .htm extension.

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The browser first tries to find out whether the first font-name in the list, is supported by it or not. If the first font-name is supported by the browser, then it displays the text in this font otherwise it will display the text in the next font-name, which is supported by it or not. If no font-name in the list is supported by the browser, then the browser renders the text in its default font.

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The < html > tag identifies the document as an HTML document. An HTML document begins with < html > and ends with < /html >. For example, < html > ….< /html >

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The headings are numbered from 1 to 6, with 1 being the largest. Headings are displayed in larger and/or bolder fonts than normal text. The first heading in each document should be tagged < H1 >.

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The syntax of the heading element is: < h > Text of heading goes here < /h >. The number between 1 and 6 specifies the level of the heading. Headings are typically displayed in larger and/or bolder fonts than normal body text.

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Logical text styles are general descriptions. Each browser handles a logical style in its own way. Logical styles render the text according to its meaning. For example, < STRONG > is for strongly emphasizing some thing.

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The container elements are those elements that require pair tags, i.e., a starting as well as an ending tag. For example, < title >… < /title >, < head >…< /head > etc.

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The container elements are those elements that require pair tags, i.e., a starting as well as an ending tag. For example, < title >… < /title >, < head >…< /head > etc.

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Margin refers to the blank area left from the edge of the page. To leave some blank area in the left side, LEFTMARGIN attribute is used. For example, < body leftmargin = value >. The value is the number of pixels.

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The < hr > tag produces a horizontal line spread across the width of the browser window.

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HTML(Hyper Text Markup Language)is the basic language used to write web pages. It allows websites to bring together graphics, music, videos and links.

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The < i > tag is used to define the italic text. For example, < i >. This text is italic < /i >.

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< br/ > is used to insert a line break.

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The bgcolor changes the background to a solid color. The correct HTML is < body bgcolor= ”yellow” >.

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The < html > and < /html > tags are used to mark the starting and end of an html document. This tag is used to make browsers and other programs know that this is an html document.

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The length of horizontal rules can be controlled with the width attribute. The value of the width attribute can either be an absolute number of pixels or a certain percentage of the browser window’s width. For example, < hr width = 40% > will extend the horizontal rule across 30% of the width. Similarly, < hr width = 70% > will extend the horizontal rule across 70% of the width.

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A tag is a coded HTML command that indicates how part of web page should be displayed. An attribute provides additional information about the element.

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The file extension that is to be chosen by Raghav in order to save the file in the correct format is filename .htm or filename.html. When we save an HTML file, we can use either the .htm or the .html extension.

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The headings are numbered from 1 to 6, with 1 being the largest. Headings are displayed in larger and/or bolder fonts than normal text. The first heading in each document should be tagged < H1 >.

SOLUTION

Akash should use bgcolor attribute to make the background color appear black. The correct HTML is < body bgcolor=black text=lime >. The body tag is applied to bgcolor attribute in order to change the background color and text attribute to change the color of the text.

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Comments are basically a type of textual content that appears in the HTML code. But these are not rendered by the user’s browser. They are given between special < !- - - and ---  > markup elements. For example, < !- - - This is a comment - - - >

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To write H₂O, Radhika should use the < SUB > tag. Similarly, for writing something like Y², the < SUP > tag is used.

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The < pre > tag defines preformatted text. The text in a pre element is displayed in a fixed-width font and it preserves both spaces and line breaks.

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Three ASCII characters- the left angle bracket ( < ), the right angle bracket ( > ) and the ampersand ( & ) have special meanings in html; therefore, cannot be used. Therefore, to use one of these characters in an HTML document, you must enter its escape sequence instead as mentioned: < : the escape sequence for < > : the escape sequence for > & : the escape sequence for &

SOLUTION

Comments are basically a type of textual content that appears in the HTML code. But these are not rendered by the user’s browser. They are given between special < !- - - and ---  > markup elements. For example, < !- - - This is a comment - - - >

SOLUTION

The tag to include a background color is included in the body statement as an attribute. For example, < body bgcolor = “blue” >.

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The bigger horizontal rules appear as 3D rules. To have a flat 2D rule just add no shade to < hr >. For example, < hr size = 36 noshade >, will make the horizontal rule appear as 2D type.

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Akram should enter the < title > tag between the opening and closing < head > tags. This tag contains the document title. This title specified inside < title > tag appears on the browsers’ title bar.

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Many HTML tags come in pairs like < html >…< /html >, < head >…< /head >, < strong >…< /strong > etc. The < strong > style is used for strong emphasis. It displays the text in bold. The < /strong > is used for closing.

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The strong tag is used to make the text appear in bold. Therefore, it will print out Life is beautiful in bold.

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Every HTML document should follow the general form as follows: < html > < head > < title > Title goes here < /title > < /head > < body > Content of the document goes here < /body > < /html >

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Babita can create the HTML code by clicking on Start Programs     Accessories Notepad. After hitting on Notepad, the notepad window appears. The HTML code can be written there.

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The < hr > tag creates a horizontal line spread across the width of the browser window. The thickness and width can be varied as required. The default size of horizontal rule is 3. Since, Pooja desires to have a horizontal line of size 4 and width 40%; therefore, the correct html that should be used by her is :
< hr size = 4 and width = 40% >.

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In order to have a flat, 2D rule just add noshade to < HR >.

SOLUTION

To change the font type of the text, Sanjeev should use the face attribute. Face attribute provides a list of font-names enclosed within quotes. The web browser tries to find out whether the first font-name in the list (i.e.,Georgia), is supported by it or not. If the first font-name is supported by the browser, then it displays the text in this font otherwise it will display the text in the next font (i.e., Bookman Old Style), which is supported by it.

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To change the color, style and size of the text, Abhay should use the < font > tag. The < font > tag is used for changing the appearance of a short segment of text.

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To set the top margin, i.e., distance from the top edge, Seema can use TOPMARGIN attribute. For example, < body topmargin = “70” >, will make the body-text appear 70 pixels away from top edge of the page.

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The dir attribute specifies the direction of the text within the document. This attribute can have values either left-to-right or right-to-left.

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FTP Protocol is used for transferring files from one system to another. So, the steps are:
a) Make a connection with FTP Server as

ftp://ftp server/pathname

b) Only authorized user can access the FTP Server so login with username and password.

c) For uploading, single file use put command as

       ftp > put

   for uploading multiple files use mput command as

       ftp > mput …

d) After uploading, the files disconnect the FTP Server by using close command as

SOLUTION

HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) is the basic language used to write web pages. It allows websites to bring together graphics, music, videos and links.

SOLUTION

By default browsers display text in black on a white (or grey) background. However, both the background color and the text color can be changed. The value of #FFFFFF is white. For example, < body bgcolor =”#OOOOOO” text = “#FFFFFF” >, will create a window with a black background (BGCOLOR’s value), white text (TEXT’s value).

SOLUTION

The browser does not recognize returns, tabs or even more than one space between letters. For example, even if the source code has the text written in three paragraphs, the browser will display it as one paragraph.

SOLUTION

With face attribute a list of font-names is provided, enclosed within quotes. The browser first tries to find out whether the first font-name in the list is supported by it or not. If the first font-name is supported by the browser, then it displays the text in this font otherwise it will display the text in the next font-name, which is supported by it or not. If no font-name in the list is supported by the browser, then the browser renders the text in its default font.

SOLUTION

The value of #FFFFFF is white. For example, < body bgcolor =”#OOOOOO” text = “#FFFFFF” >, will create a window with a black background (BGCOLOR’s value), white text (TEXT’s value).

SOLUTION

The value of #FFFFFF is white. For example, < body bgcolor =”#OOOOOO” text = “#FFFFFF” >, will create a window with a black background (BGCOLOR’s value), white text (TEXT’s value).