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An attribute provides additional information about the element. The length of an attribute value is limited to 1024 characters.

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The background color is set by bgcolor attribute and background graphics is set by background attribute of the body tag.

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The title element contains your document title and identifies its content in a global context.

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Hyperlinks can point to any resource on the web: an HTML page, an image, a sound file, a movie etc. The href attribute defines the link "address".

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The horizontal rules give a way to separate sections of your document visually. The < hr > tag produces a horizontal line spread across the width of the browser window. The < hr > tag is used inside the body content. For example, < html > < head >< title > Horizontal rule < /title >< /head >< body >< hr size = 14 >< /body >< /html >

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The < basefont > tag defines the basic size for the font; the browser will use to render normal document text, i.e., the text for which no other font-size setting has been provided.

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The World Wide Web brings the documents, images, graphics, music, videos etc. to our desktop. Everything we see on the desktop, are the documents written in a special language called HTML.

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The container elements are those elements that require pair tags, i.e., a starting as well as an ending tag. For example, < title >… < /title >, < head >…< /head >, etc.

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Logical text styles are general descriptions. Each browser handles a logical style in its own way. These styles render the text according to its meaning. For example, < strong > is for strongly emphasizing something.

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Without noshade attribute in < hr >, the default 3-D rule is displayed and with noshade attribute a 2-D rule is displayed.

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The empty elements are those that require just a starting tag and not an ending tag. For example, < br >. These elements just carry out their specific job. For example, < br > breaks a line.

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Logical styles are general descriptions. They render the text according to its meaning. For example,< strong > for strongly emphasizing on something. Physical text styles indicate the specific type of appearance for a section. For example, italics, bold etc. They are rendered in the same manner by all browsers.

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The color or text links can be changed by LINK attribute. The two types of links are visited links and active links. VLINK refers to visited links and ALINK refers to active links. Active links are the links that are currently being clicked on.

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The < p > tag defines a paragraph. For example, < p >. This is a text in a paragraph. < /p >. The text that is typed between < p > and < /p > tags is by default left-aligned. To change its alignment, ALIGN attribute of < p > tag can be used. For example, < p align = left >.

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The text between the < title > tags is the title of your document. The title is displayed in your browser’s caption.

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Physical text styles indicate the specific type of appearance for a section. For example, bold< b >, italics < i > etc.

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Comments are one type of textual content that appear in the HTML code but are not rendered by user’s browser. Comments are given between special < ! - - - and - - - > markup elements.

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The two types of elements used in html are container elements and empty elements. Container elements are those that require a starting as well as ending tags. For example, < title >…< /title >, < head >…< /head >.

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HTML has six levels of headings, marked by the element names H1, H2, …., H6. < h6 > is used to mark the smallest heading. < h1 > is used to mark the main document.

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Empty elements just require a starting tag and not an ending tag. For example, < hr > inserts a horizontal line, < br > breaks a line.

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The two types of elements used in html are container elements and empty elements. Container elements are those that require a starting as well as ending tags. For example, < title >…< /title >, < head >…< /head >.

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The < body > tag encloses all the tags, attributes and information to be displayed in the web page. The < body > tag is entered below the closing < head > tag and above the closing < html > tag.

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The font tag lets you change the size, color and typeface of text. The font tag sets the font size for the text. Its attributes are size, face and color.

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To create an HTML document we can use a text editor like notepad or gedit. We can open the text editor by clicking on Start > Programs > Accessories>Notepad.

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The title tag is used to define the document title. It contains plain text. It is used inside < head >…< /head > tags.

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< p > tag is used for defining a paragraph. < P > marks beginning of the paragraph. < /P > marks end of the paragraph.

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HTML has six levels of headings, marked by the element names H1, H2, …., H6. < h6 > is used to mark the smallest heading. < h1 > is used to mark the main document.

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A hyperlink is a reference (an address) to a resource on the web. Hyperlinks can point to any resource on the web: an HTML page, an image, sound file etc. The syntax for an HTML Link is: < a href=”url” > Link Text < /a >.

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HTML has six levels of headings, marked by the element names H1, H2, …., H6. < h1 > is used to mark the main document. < h6 > is used to mark the smallest heading.

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“ a ” stands for anchor. It can also be used to name a vertical position on a page and link to it from another part of the page, e.g., with a “ back to top ” link.

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The text between the < head > tag and the < /head > tag is the header information. Header information is not displayed in the browser window.

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The color or text links can be changed by LINK attribute. The two types of links are visited links and active links. VLINK refers to visited links and ALINK

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To set the top margin, i.e., the distance from the top edge, TOPMARGIN attribute should be used. This will make the body-text appear 60 pixels away from top edge of the page.

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Usenet is a worldwide distributed Internet discussion system. It is an online bulletin board system. Usenet users can post messages to newsgroups that can be read (and replied to) by anyone who has access to the system through a newsreader.

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A newsgroup is a continuous public discussion about a particular topic. A newsgroup is like an electronic public notice board on a particular subject. Anyone can post a message or read a message. Newsgroups provide a way to communicate with people who share same interests from all over the world.

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An IP address is actually made up of numbers. Words are used to point those numbers that make web addresses easier to remember.

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A markup language is a specific language standard that allows browser to know, how to display a set of text, images and animation, whether or not a paragraph needs to be centered or right-aligned, where to place a certain photo and so on. Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the most commonly used type of markup language for Web pages.

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A Web server is a piece of software that responds to a browsers request for a certain page and delivers the appropriate information.

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A web browser is a computer program (software) that is used for viewing web sites and web pages.

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To receive a copy of a file from another computer or web server using a modem is known as download. Downloading refers to the transfer of data from a central system to a smaller system. For example, the same files uploaded to the server above might be downloaded for viewing by another user.

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For uploading files over the FTP site, we must have proper permission (Login-id and password) and for uploading a single file, we use put command       ftp>put for uploading multiple files we use mput command        ftp>mput …

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The main format for locating a site by URL is type://address/path where,
1) type: specifies the type of server which we are accessing 
2) address is the address of the server 
3) path tells the location of the file on the server and on which we are accessing the FTP server.

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FTP or File Transfer Protocol is a standard that allows users to transfer files from one computer to another using a modem and telephone lines. Like HTTP, FTP is a protocol that provides a way of uploading and downloading files.

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In an email address, the characters following ‘@’ represents domain name, which identifies the server that services our email.

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Web Browser is a software that navigates through World Wide Web and display web pages.

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The spiders are also called webcrawler or Robot and even agent sometimes.

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The e-emotions can be expressed using symbols called emoticons or smiley.

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The online worldwide conversation is known as usenet.

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An email address has two parts: user and domain name separated by @ ( ‘at’ ) symbol.

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Telnet is an Internet utility that allows to log onto remote computer systems.

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Downloading refers to transfer of files from server to the computer.

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A two way videophone conversation among multiple participants is called video conferencing.

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The search engine uses a software called spider. Spiders are used to feed pages to search engines. It is called a spider because it crawls over the Web.

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Newsgroups are Internet discussion forums where groups of users with common interests gather to talk about everything from software to comic books to politics.

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Chat is online textual conversation wherein the message typed by the sender is instantly made available to the recipient and vice versa. Yes to do chatting , we need to be online.

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The advantages of e-learning are: 
• Travel time and associated costs (parking, fuel and vehicle maintenance) are reduced or eliminated. 
• Learning is self-paced and gives students a chance to speed up or slow down as necessary. 
• Accommodates multiple learning styles using a variety of delivery methods geared to different learners, more effective for certain learners. 
• e-learning online sessions are especially easy to keep up-to-date as the updated materials are simply uploaded to a server. 
• Create an interactive online environment – story-telling, demonstrations, role-playing, online references, discussion groups, bulletin boards, FAQs etc. 
• Allows learners to skip material they already know and can move on next which needs to be learned.

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In Internet banking, customers can access their accounts from a browser. The software (Internet banking programs) runs on the bank’s server (World Wide Web), not on the user’s PC. Internet banking generally has lower operational costs.

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Making reservations of tickets/hotels/tourist packages etc. through Internet is known as e-reservation.

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Some of the dangers associated with social networking are: 
• Data theft and virus attack. 
• Online predators, who claim to be someone else, can create problems. 
• Cyber blackmailing may take place.

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Blog features are useful for the blogger and the readers. The two features of blog are: 
(1) Archives - These include the list of all blog posts that have been published since the blog was launched. So, it makes possible to get previous posts/entries. 
(2) Comments – This feature allows readers to post their feedbacks/remarks for the blog content.

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The advantages of internet banking are: 
• Internet banking costs less. 
• Bouncing of cheque has become a thing of past. 
• You can monitor your account online any time. 
• You can keep your account balanced. 
• With the ability to view your account anytime, it is easier to catch any fraudulent activity in your account before much damage is done.

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Yes, Mr. Lal can do this by using e-reservation service. There are numerous sites that offer e-reservation facilities for different hotels, tourist packages etc. Through these sites, Mr. Lal can determine the availability of hotel rooms alongwith attractive discount schemes without leaving his place. Some of these sites are yatra.com, makemytrip.com etc.

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PC Banking enables customers to execute bank transactions from a PC via a modem. Bank offers proprietary financial software to the customers. This allows a customer to perform financial transactions from his or her home computer. The customer then dials the bank with his or her modem, downloads data and runs the programs that are present on the customer’s computer.

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The reasons for growing popularity of e-shopping are: 
• It allows consumers to shop at their convenience and saves their travelling time to retail stores. 
• Consumers are freed from the pressure to buy from vendors. They can spend more time to make purchase decisions. 
• Infinite variety of products is available online and it allows consumers to browse the products without geographical boundaries. 
• Consumers can compare product prices and features to make a better decision with less effort.

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To login as different user:
a) Click File -> Login As  command
b) In the dialog box displayed, enter the login-id and password and then click at Login button.
Through this way, we are the authorized user now and can download and upload files easily by same processes.

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For this purpose we need to use an e-mail client software like “Outlook Express”.
a) Start the Outlook Express by clicking at start -> Programs -> Outlook Express. 
b) Now we need to configure it by using commands Tools -> accounts -> mails -> Add -> Mail and then by specifying the details provided to you (your POP3 server, SMTP server etc.) by your ISP.
c) After configuring Outlook express, to view e-mails just start Outlook Express as Start->Programs->Outlook Express.
Then go to the INBOX folder by clicking over it.

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A newsgroup is a forum or community bulletin board. It has different functionalities like:
a) We can post messages that are seen by all the users of Internet and can reply to other messages. It brings people closer.
b)  We can also search for different clubs and get to know new things.
c) We will get to know more people and also we can search people through their e-mail address to make network.

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Video conferencing is a powerful tool that enables face-to-face, real-time communications between people around the world. It is a set of interactive telecommunication technologies which allow two or more locations to interact via two-way video and audio transmissions simultaneously.

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Internet chatting is when two or more online individuals come together to talk inside a chatroom, virtual software or instant messenger. Chatting is a popular way in which people stay connected-whether it be for business or for family who live miles apart. Business groups or organizations can use chatting to host online business meetings. Families who live within long distances of each other can use chat to stay in touch and still feel connected even though they are millions of miles apart.

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A web server program is a software that runs on the web site hosting Server computer. Its main purpose is to serve web pages; which mean it waits for requests from web browsers (also known as clients) and responds by sending the required data back.

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E-mail stands for Electronic Mail. It is the most widely used tool to send messages electronically on a network.

Advantages of email are as follows:
1. Fast: Messages can be sent anywhere around the world in an instant.
2. Cheap: Transmission usually costs nothing or at the most, very little.
3. Simple: Easy to use, after initial set-up.
4. Versatile: Pictures, power points or other files can be sent.
5. Record maintenance: Record of communications can be maintained as all messages are files.
6. Patience: Email can be read at ease.

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To send an e-mail to single person:
a) Open Internet Explorer by double clicking over it. Then type the address of the website at the address bar on which you have account.
b) Type the message in the Body part of the format of the e-mail.
c)  Now to send your message to a single person, type the email id of that person into the “To” textbox .
d) Now to send your message to multiple persons by writing the e-mail address of all the persons separated by commas ‘,’  or semicolons ‘;’ into the “CC” field and “BCC” field. But there are difference in using CC and BCC.
CC(Carbon Copy) allows you to send the same mail message to multiple recipients at the same time. Here one recipient could know the e-mail ids of all the recipients of the same message. 
BCC(Blind Carbon Copy) allows the sender to send the same mail – message to multiple recipients without letting them know that some other persons also have received the same mail message.

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Common file types with its mode are

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The size attribute can either be given an absolute value, e.g., size=5 or it can be given a relative value, e.g., size = +1 or size = -2 provided you are working with Netscape Navigator as relative sizes are recognized by Navigator only and not by Internet Explorer.

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Comments are one type of textual content that appear in the HTML code but are not rendered by user’s browser. Comments are given between special < ! - - - and - - - > markup elements.

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The < hr > tag creates a horizontal line spread across the width of the browser window. The thickness and width can be varied as required. The default size of the horizontal rule is 3.

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When a segment of text needs to be centralized, the < center > tag is used. The correct form to make the text appear in the center is: < center > Text appears in center < /center >. Here, Text appears in the center will appear centralized on the browser window.

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The size attribute of < hr > is given in terms of pixels. The pixel is the smallest addressable screen element; it is the smallest unit of picture that can be controlled.

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The margin refers to the blank area left from the edge of page. LEFTMARGIN attribute is used to leave the blank area in the left side.

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< b > tag is used to make the text bold.

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The < BASEFONT > tag defines the basic size for the font; the browser will use to render normal document text. The default font size set by BASEFONT is 3. The size can have an absolute value from 1 to 7. For example, < BASEFONT size = 5 >.

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The text that we type between < p > and < /p > tags is by default left aligned. Thus, to change its alignment we can use ALIGN attribute of < p > tag. For example, < p align= ”right” >.

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Aruna should use bgcolor attribute to make the background color appear green. The correct HTML is < body bgcolor=”green” >.

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The < i > tag is used to define the italic text. For example, < i > This text is italic < /I >.

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The lang attribute specifies the language we use within the document. For example, “ en ” is used to specify English language and “ de ” is used to specify German language.

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The < html > and < /html > tags are used to mark the starting and end of an html document. This tag is used to make browsers and other programs know that this is an html document.

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HTML tag is used to mark-up HTML elements. The HTML tags are surrounded by angle brackets. These tags usually come in pairs like < b > and < /b >.

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< br > is used to insert a line break into a text font. They don’t have a “beginning” or “end” and they do not come in pairs.

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< p > tag is used for defining a paragraph. < P > marks beginning of the paragraph. < /P > marks end of the paragraph.

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HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) is the basic language used to write web pages. It allows web sites to bring together graphics, music, videos and links.

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The font tag is used to set the font size for text. To insert the font face attribute in the HTML code, the syntax used is < font face = “Arial” > Programming< /font >.

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The < hr > tag is used for inserting a horizontal rule. It breaks a text flow and inserts a horizontal rule. The attributes for < hr > tag are size, width, no shade and color.

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< body bgcolor=“blue” text=”yellow” >

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< body background=”birds.gif” >

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The VLINK refers to visited links. It specifies the color used for hypertext links that have been previously visited by the viewer. For example, < BODY VLINK = “magenta” >, would specify magenta as the color to be used on a page for visited links.     

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By default browsers displays text in black colour on a grey background. We can change the colour or text by TEXT attributes and link by LINK attributes (visited links by VLINK attributes and active link by ALINK attribute).

Example: < BODY bgcolor = “blue” text = “#FFFFFF” link = “#9690CC”>

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The background attribute specifies an image file to use as a background behind the displayed text and graphics.  

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The general form of an HTML document is as follows:

< html >

< head >

< title > Title goes here < /title >

< /head >

< body >

Content goes here

< /body >

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The container tags are pair tags, i.e., they require a starting tag as well as an ending tag. They affect the text appearing between their starting and ending tag.