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XML stands for EXtensible Markup Language. The name emphasises the key feature of the language, i.e., the ability to define your own tags and attributes that, of course, HTML does not allow.

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Comments are not processed by XML parsers. The comments are inserted for purposes like – to add notes about document structure and to break a document into sections. Comments begin with < ! - -  > and end with -->, just like HTML comments.

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The two differences between HTML and XML are:
1. HTML is designed to display data and hence, focussed on the ‘look’ of the data, whereas XML is designed to describe and carry data and hence, focuses on ‘what data is’.

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Well-formed documents must conform to XML syntax rules. They have correctly formed tags & follow XML guidelines. However, valid documents must conform to XML syntax rules as well as DTD.

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Elements are means to define individual data items. An element begins with a start tag and ends with an end tag.

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Prolog is a preface or introduction to XML document. The prolog should be the first logical component. It is an optional structural element, but for well-formed documents, it must be included.

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XML Parsers are the software packages that are a part of bigger applications that provide XML support. The role of an XML parser is to dissect a valid XML document to obtain actual data from the XML document. For example, SAX, expat, TclExpal etc.    

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The features of XML are as follows: 
1. XML was designed to carry data, not to display data – describes data & focuses on what data is. 
2. XML does not DO anything – created to structure, store and to send information. 
3. XML is designed to be self-descriptive – Tags are not pre-defined. Each XML document is unique in itself & describes its contents without prior knowledge. 
4. XML is free and extensible – We can create our own tag set.

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A style sheet is made up of style rules that tell a browser how to present a document. Each style rule is made up of a selector (usually an HTML element such as BODY, P etc. or XML elements of XML document) and the style to be applied to the selector.

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(i) Internal entities are entities that are inside document, whereas external entities are those that can also exist outside the document.   

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< employee  >
             < firstName >Abhijeet< /firstName >
             < lastName > Arora< /lastName >
            < gender >m< /gender >
            < DOB >22/04/1976< /DOB >
            < /employee >

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(i)   c

(ii)  d

SOLUTION

To process XML document on web, we need an XML document system. XML document system has three components:
(i) a style sheet presentation through CSS or XSL – defines the styles of the elements.

(ii) a grammar structure through DTD – defines a rule book of the XML document.

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White space refers to spaces, tabs, carriage-returns and blank-lines. We can insert white-spaces to enhance readability of the document. XML-parsers ignore additional white spaces.

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There are two categories of XML document. They are well-formed documents and valid documents. Well-formed documents must conform to XML syntax rules. They have correctly formed tags & follow XML guidelines. Valid documents must conform to XML syntax rules as well as DTD.

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XML declaration can have three pseudo-attributes. They are version, encoding and standalone. The version pseudo-attribute specifies the XML version, encoding pseudo-attribute (optional) specifies the character-set and stand-alone pseudo-attribute (optional) specifies whether the document refers external entities.

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Prolog is a preface or introduction to XML document. Prolog should be the first logical component. It is an optional structural element, but for well-formed documents, it must be included.

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An entity is a storage unit. A parsed entity is processed by XML-software such as XML-parser. An unparsed entity contains some related information and is not processed by XML parser.

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XML allows us to define and store the document structure and structure of data through DTDs or schemas. The DTD or schemas then ensure that same data gets used by the applications using XML document. HTML, on the other hand, provides no such facility to define the document structure and data structure.

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Any HTML or XML element is a possible CSS selector. A selector is the element that is linked to a particular style, for example, the selector in P {text-indent:3em} is P.

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Every XML document is a structured document. Every XML file or document has both logical structure and physical structure. The logical structure tells about – what all elements are to be included in the document and the physical structure tells the actual content.

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The fundamental data element in an InkML file is < trace >. Trace represents a sequence of contiguous ink points. The sequence of traces accumulates to meaningful units such as characters, words or diagrams.

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The grammar structure defines a rule book of XML document. The style-sheet presentation defines the styles (i.e., how they would appear if rendered, e.g., their font, colour, alignment etc.) of the elements. The XML file (also called XML document) contains and describes actual data.

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The basic building blocks of data instance are the elements. Elements are means to define individual data items. An element begins with a start tag and ends with an end tag.

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The document type declaration consists of Markup code that indicates grammar rules for a particular class of document. A DTD begins with !DOCTYPE declaration. A sample DTD is: < !DOCTYPE Wildlife zone = “wildlife.dtd” >

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HTML provides pre-defined, non-extensible tags. In other words, we cannot create new tags in HTML to suite the needs of our application. XML, on the other hand, gives us freedom to create our own tag set as per our data needs. Also, unlike HTML tags XML tags cannot be empty tags.

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The style-sheet presentation defines the styles (i.e., how they would appear if rendered, e.g., their font, colour, alignment etc.) of the elements.

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Basically an XML-file contains a prolog (optional) and a data instance. Prolog should be the first logical component. It is an optional structural element, but for well-formed documents, it must be included. In data instance, a single element contains all the data of XML document, which is the root element or document element.

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XML means “EXtensible Markup Language”. Extensible means no fixed format like HTML. Markup is a set of rules to define structure and format of text.

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XML’s ancestor is SGML, which is a system for defining new markup languages. A system that allows defining new markup languages is known as meta language, so SGML and XML can both be termed as meta languages. A language that is created using SGML specifications is called SGML application. One example of SGML application is HTML.

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The standalone pseudo-attribute tells whether XML document requires external entities or not. If it requires, then set standalone’s value to “no” and if it does not, then refer to any external entity, set it to “yes”. The default value is “yes”.

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The XML declaration is a declaration that identifies the following through pseudo-attributes – the xml version, encoding and stand-alone or not. XML declaration begins with a special tag < ?xml…? >. < ?xml version = “1.0”? >. The version’s pseudo-attribute refers to the XML version. As per this setting, this document refers to XML Recommendation 1.0.

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XML is a meta-language, which means it can be used to create new languages. A number of languages as per the needs or requirements of the specific domain have been created. Some of them are: ADML (Architecture Description Markup Language), BrainML (Brain Markup Language), WML (Wireless Markup Language), ChessGML (Chess Game Markup Language), CML (Chemical Markup Language) etc.

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When data is stored in multiple tables that are linked via common fields, then such a database is called relational database. Microsoft Access, BASE, Oracle, MYSQL etc. are examples of Relational Database.

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Data redundancy refers to a data organisation act that duplicates your unnecessary data. In order to make any changes or modifications in the redundant data, you are supposed to make changes in the multiple fields of the database.

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The database file of BASE is stored with extension .odb which expands to OpenOffice database.

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Primary key is called so because it helps to distinguish one relation from another.

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A record is a named collection of data items that represents a complete unit of information.

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Database Management System (DBMS) is a computer program that manages a database effectively and efficiently.

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A form is an interface in user specified layout that lets users view, enter and change data directly in the table. When you open a form, BASE retrieves the data from one or more tables and displays it on screen with the layout specified by us.

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A report is an effective way to present data in a printed format. It is a formal, presentable printed document that lists data in a formatted manner.

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One or more fields (columns) whose value or values uniquely identify each record in a table is called primary key.

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Data is a collection of facts and entities relevant to user because it produces some meaningful information.

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A table contains one primary key because this is a key field that accepts only unique values and can make a relation with other tables. So, it is the fundamental of DBMS that a table can contain only one primary key.

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The Database Management System is an integrated set of programs. It helps us to manipulate database. The manipulation of database means collection, addition, insertion, modification and deletion of records into a database. For example: MS-Access, FoxPro, OOo Base.

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A database is a collection of information related to a particular subject or purpose, for e.g., student database, event management database etc. BASE (database component of OpenOffice.org), a popular RDBMS (Relational Database Management System – a system that manages data in terms of special tables called relations) lets us to manage the database by offering variety of features.

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A field is a category of information. It contains a set of characters that have a proper meaning. For example, if a student is a table, then the roll number, name, class, section, date of birth are the fields. A field is also known as a column.

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When data is stored in multiple tables that are linked via common fields, then such a database is called relational database. Microsoft Access, BASE, Oracle, MYSQL etc. are examples of Relational Database.

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A record is a collection of data items that represent a complete unit of information. A record is also known as row of information in a table.

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Databases store information in the form of records. Each RECORD represents a unique item in the database. Records consist of fields. Each FIELD represents a unique piece of information about the record.

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A database is a collection of organised information. Databases can store information about people, books, products or anything else. Most, but not all, databases are computerised.

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A database record is represented by a row in a relational table.

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A telephone book is a database in the sense that it is an organised collection of information about people.

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In computer science, data that has several parts can be divided into fields. For example, a computer may represent today's date as three distinct fields: the day, the month and the year.

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The TV Guide is a database since it’s an organised collection of information about television programs.

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Base can create and edit forms, reports, queries, tables, views and relations so that managing a connected database is much the same as in other popular database applications.

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Databases store information in the form of records. Each RECORD represents a unique item in the database. Records consist of fields. Each FIELD represents a unique piece of information about the record.

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The primary key of a relational table uniquely identifies each record in the table. Imagine we have a STUDENTS table that contains a record for each student at a university. The student's unique student ID number can become a primary key in the STUDENTS table.

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An alternate key is any candidate key which is not the primary key. Alternate keys are also referred as secondary keys.

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A candidate key is any column or set of columns that has unique values. Each table may have one or more candidate keys. One of these candidate keys is selected as the table primary key.

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A foreign key is a field (or fields) that points to the primary key of another table. The purpose of the foreign key is to ensure referential integrity of the data.

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In the context of relational databases, an alternate key (or secondary key) is any candidate key which is not selected to be the primary key (PK).

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Data independence is the type of data transparency that matters for a centralised DBMS. It refers to the immunity of user applications to make changes in the definition and organisation of data and vice-versa.

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In file management system, it is not possible to share data. Due to non-sharing of data, redundancy of data is possible.

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In database management system, it is possible to share the data. Due to sharing of data, redundancy of data is reduced.

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A database is a collection of interrelated data stored together to serve multiple applications.

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View level is concerned with the way in which data are viewed by individual users. It is also known as external level.

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Database is the collection of logically related data that is stored in a predictable manner. A library catalogue is a database that describes what the library owns. Each item in the catalogue describes a book or other item in the library. A database can have from one to several tables.

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In addition to being relatively easy to create and access, a relational database has the important advantage of being easy to extend. A relational database is a set of tables containing data fitted into predefined categories. Each table (which is sometimes called a relation) contains one or more data categories in columns. Each row contains a unique instance of data for the categories defined by the columns. For example, a typical business order entry database would include a table that described a customer with columns for name, address, phone number and so forth.

SOLUTION

A query is a statement that gives you filtered data according to your conditions and specifications. To find and retrieve just the data that meets the conditions specified by you, including data from multiple tables, you may create a query. A query can also update or delete multiple records and at the same time, perform predefined or custom calculations on your data.

SOLUTION

A query is a statement that gives you filtered data according to your conditions and specifications. To find and retrieve just the data that meets the conditions specified by you, including data from multiple tables, you may create a query. A query can also update or delete multiple records and at the same time, perform predefined or custom calculations on your data.

SOLUTION

To find and retrieve just the data that meets conditions that you specify, including data from multiple tables, you may create a query. A query can also update or delete multiple records at the same time and perform predefined or custom calculations on your data.

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A table refers to a storage container storing data pertaining to single object, subject or purpose. To store the data, we can create one table for each type of information that we track. To bring the data from multiple tables together in a query, form or report, we can define the relationships between the tables.

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InkML is a data format for representing digital ink data. The markup provides a format for transferring digital ink data between devices & software components and storing hand-input traces.

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Prolog is a preface or introduction to XML document. Prolog should be the first logical component. It is an optional structural element, but for well-formed documents, it must be included. The prolog can have upto five types of components (all optional): An XML declaration, Processing Instructions (PIs), A document type declaration (DTD), Comments and White space.

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Attributes provide additional information about elements. They are defined through name-value pairs along with start tag.

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XSL is a language for expressing style sheets. An XSL style sheet is, like with CSS, a file that describes how to display an XML document of a given type.

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The physical structure contains actual data, i.e., the actual content. The storage unit in physical structure terms is called entities. Entities can either be contained inside document, i.e., internal entities or can also exist outside the document, i.e., external entities.

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XML is a text-based markup language that allows storing data in structured format. The main purpose of XML is to save and transport data.

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A valid XML document is the one that is well-formed as well as confirms the specifications of DTD. In other words, valid documents must confirm not only to the syntax but also to the DTD (Document Type Definition). DTD is a set of rules that defines what tags appear in an XML document, so that the viewers of XML document know what all the tags mean.

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A document that obeys the syntax of XML is a well-formed document. A document that includes sequences of markup characters that cannot be parsed or are invalid cannot be well-formed.

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An XML parser parses XML documents and sends data to display in a browser. The job of a parser is to make sure that the document meets the defined structures, validation and constraints. Validation rules and constraints can be defined in the form of a DTD (Document Type Definition) or schema.

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A meta-language defines other languages. XML is a meta-language for describing markup languages.

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The XML declaration identifies the following through pseudo-attributes: the xml version, encoding and stand-alone or not. XML declaration begins with a special tag < ?xml…? >.

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SAX stands for the Simple API for XML. It is a platform-independent language, neutral standard interface for event-based XML parsing. SAX is often used in certain high-performance applications or areas where size of the XML might exceed the memory available to the running program.

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XML documents must contain a unique opening & closing tag that contains the whole document, forming what is called a root element.

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Processing instructions are information for the application. They allow documents to contain instructions for applications. It takes the following form- < ?piname pseudo-attributes >.

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Every XML file or document has both logical structure and physical structure. The logical structure tells about what all elements are to be included in the document and the order of elements. However, the physical structure contains the actual content.

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All tags must be nested properly, i.e., the start and end tags of child elements cannot overlap. For e.g., < videocollection >
< title > The A Team < /title >
< /videocollection > is a well-formed tag.

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XML documents must contain at least one element. For example, < title >Welcome< /title >.

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The root element or document element is the first element of XML document. It is the parent element of all other elements in data instance. XML documents must contain one element that is parent of all other elements. This parent element is known as root element or document element.

SOLUTION

To process an XML document on web in a desired manner, we need an XML document system and not just an XML-file. An XML document system mainly comprises the following:
i. A style sheet presentation through CSS or XSL.
ii.  A grammar structure through DTD.
iii. Semantics of data through XML file.

SOLUTION

The comments are not processed by XML parsers. The comments are inserted for purposes like – to add notes about document structure and to break a document into sections.

SOLUTION

To link to an HTML document with a style-sheet: 1. Create HTML document. 2. Create a separate css style-sheet (.css file) for the HTML elements of the file created in step1. 3. Link the two files.

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SGML stands for Standard Generalized Markup Language. It is powerful but very complex, suffers from lack of industry support. It is the basis for XML.

SOLUTION

Every XML file or document has both logical structure and physical structure. The logical structure tells about – what all elements are to be included in the document and the order of the elements.

SOLUTION

XML documents must contain a unique opening & closing tag that contains the whole document, forming a root element. For example,
< videocollection >
< title > The A Team < /title >
< title > Jurassic Park < /title >
< /videocollection >

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RecipeML is a format for representing recipes on computer. Recipes can be either represented online or in software.

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The XML file (also called XML document) contains and describes the actual data.

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XML can run on all platforms. It is created by using standard text files. These files are compatible with all platforms such as Windows, Macintosh, Unix etc.