SOLUTION

An ordered list (also known as numbered list) is an indented list that has numbers or letters in front of each item. These lists are marked by < ol > and < /ol > tags.

SOLUTION

With the < ol > tag, the type attribute may have a value of ‘A’ for numbering with capital letters, ‘a’ for numbering with lowercase letters, ‘I’ for capital letters, ‘i’ for lowercase Roman numerals or ‘1’ for common Arabic numerals. The type attribute sets the actual numbering style. For example, if an ordered list numbering items start at 5 and the numbering style is set to ‘i’, the first number is the lowercase Roman numeral “v”.

SOLUTION

A tag is a coded HTML command that indicates how part of a web page should be displayed.

SOLUTION

A definition list is an indented list without any bullet symbol or any number in front of each item. A < dl > is a two sided tag, that is, it has an opening tag

and a closing tag < /dl >. The closing tag for < li > tag is optional.

SOLUTION

A list inside a list is known as a nested list. We can have a number of paragraphs, each containing a nested list, in a single list item.

SOLUTION

The compact attribute is used when definition terms are very short. It tells the browser to squeeze the list when possible.

SOLUTION

A definition list usually consists of alternating a definition term (coded as < DT >) and a definition description (coded as < DD >).

SOLUTION

A definition list usually consists of alternating a definition term (coded as < DT >) and a definition description (coded as < DD >).

SOLUTION

The start attribute for the < ol > tag lets us change the beginning value. It must set the < ol > tag to a numeric value. For example, < ol type = 6 >.

SOLUTION

The two attributes of the < ol > tag are < start > and < type >. The < start > attribute for the < ol > tag lets us change the beginning value. For example, < ol start = 5 >, will start a numbering list at 5. While, the type attribute, sets the actual numbering style. For example, < ol start = 8 type= ‘i’ >, will start numbering items at 8, but the style of numbering is set to I, the first number is the lowercase Roman numeral “viii”. Subsequent items are numbered with the same style, each value incremented by 1.

SOLUTION

A definition list (marked as < dl >) usually consists of alternating a definition term (marked as < dt >) and a definition description (marked as < dd >).

SOLUTION

The unnumbered or unordered lists are bulleted lists. These lists are marked by < ul > and < /ul > tags.

SOLUTION

MAILTO function allows other users to communicate with us via email. MAILTO is called using an anchor just like standard links to other documents, i.e., using href attribute. The mailto function creates a link that, when clicked on, displays a separate window which allows users to write and send an email message to the specified email address (es).

SOLUTION

External linking means linking to another document. We make a hyperlink to another document with the < a > tag and its href attribute, which defines the URL of the target document as mentioned in previous section. The href attribute is used to specify the URL of the target of the link. For example, < a href = http://www.google.com > Welcome to Google!!< /a >.

SOLUTION

Internal linking links to anchors on the current page. Internal linking allows us to link to another section of the document on the same web page. Here, anchors are used to move to a particular section in the document. The anchor of this type is also known as named anchor.

SOLUTION

Href is used as Hypertext Reference and links an HTML document to another HTML document. This can be linked to a WWW address, HTML file or NAME.

SOLUTION

A definition list is a list of items, with a description of each item. It starts with a < dl > tag (definition list). Each term starts with a < dt > tag (definition term). Each description starts with a < dd > tag (definition description).

SOLUTION

 
Its source is specified with src attribute, alternate
text with alt attribute, alignment with align attribute
and size with height and weight attributes.
The alt attributes specifies an alternative text for an image,
if the image cannot be displayed. It provides alternative
information for an image if a user for some reason can view it.

SOLUTION

We cannot horizontally center an image using align attribute. To horizontally center an image, we use the < center >… < /center >.

SOLUTION

Inline image means image display in line with the text, i.e., the specified image is loaded separately and placed into the text flow as if the image were some special character.

SOLUTION

Href indicates the URL being linked to. Href makes the anchor into a link. For example, < a href = “resume.html” > My Resume < /a > creates a link to resume.html.

SOLUTION

The alt attribute specifies an alternative text for an image, if the image cannot be displayed. It provides alternative information for an image if a user for some reason can view it. The value for the alt attribute is a text string of 1024 characters.

SOLUTION

SOLUTION

The alt attribute specifies alternative text that the browser may show if image display is not possible or disable by the user. The value for the alt attribute is a text string of upto 1024 characters, enclosed in quotation marks if we include spaces or other punctuations.

SOLUTION

The < a > tag defines an anchor. An anchor can be used in two ways: 1.    To create a link to another document, by using the href attribute. 2.    To create a bookmark inside a document, by using the name attribute. The ‘a’ element is usually referred to as a link or a hyperlink. The href attribute of the ‘a’ element indicates the link’s destination.

SOLUTION

The browser automatically bullets each < ul >- tagged item in an ordered list. By default, a solid circle is used for the bullets. However, we can change the bullet style using type attribute. This attribute may have a value of either disc, circle or square. For example, < ul type = square >. The disc is the default bullet, i.e., a solid circle. Attribute value circle displays a hollow circle as the bullet and the value square displays a solid square as the bullet.

SOLUTION

We make a hyperlink to another document with the tag and its href attribute, which defines the URL of the target document as mentioned in the previous section. The href attribute is used to specify the URL of the target of the link. For example, < a href = http://www.yahoo.com >Welcome to Yahoo!!< /a >.

SOLUTION

The height and width attribute specify the dimensions of an image. The browser reserves the space before downloading the image. It eliminates content shifting. It speeds document rendering.

SOLUTION

The < a > tag defines an anchor. An anchor can be used in two ways: 1.    To create a link to another document, by using the href attribute. 2.    To create a bookmark inside a document, by using the name attribute. The ‘a’ element is usually referred to as a link or a hyperlink. The href attribute of the ‘a’ element indicates the link’s destination.

SOLUTION

Internal linking links to anchors on the current page. Internal linking allows us to link to another section of the document on the same web page. Here, anchors are used to move to a particular section in the document. The anchor of this type is also known as named anchor.

SOLUTION

SOLUTION

SOLUTION

Browsers can display images in the document if they are in either GIF (Graphics Interchange Format), XBM (X Bit Map) or JPEG format.

SOLUTION

We make a hyperlink to another document with the tag and its href attribute, which defines the URL of the target document as mentioned in previous section. The href attribute is used to specify the URL of the target of the link. For example, < a href = http://www.wildlife.com > Wild Life < /a >

SOLUTION

The < start > attribute for the < ol > tag lets us change the beginning value. While, the type attribute, sets the actual numbering style. For example, < ol type = “a” start = 6 >, will display the list starting from the 6^th letter, that is, ‘f’. Subsequent items are numbered with the same style, each value incremented by 1.

SOLUTION

The two attributes of the < ol > tag are < start > and < type >. The < start > attribute for the < ol > tag lets us change the beginning value. For example, < ol start = 8 >, will start a numbering list at 8. While, the type attribute, sets the actual numbering style. For example, < ol start = 8 type= ‘i’ >, will start numbering items at 8, but the style of numbering is set to ‘i’, the first number is the lowercase Roman numeral “viii”. Subsequent items are numbered with the same style, each value incremented by 1.

SOLUTION

To change the numbering style, we can use the type attribute along with the < ol > tag.  With the < ol > tag, the type attribute may have a value of A for numbering with capital letters, a for numbering with lowercase letters, I for capital Roman numbers, i for lowercase Roman numerals or 1 for common Arabic numerals.

SOLUTION

The three basic types of lists in HTML are: unnumbered, numbered and definition. An unnumbered or unordered list is a bulleted list. It is marked by < ul > and < /ul > tags.

SOLUTION

The title attribute lets us specify a title for the document to which we want to link. The value of the title attribute is any string, enclosed in quotation marks. The browser might use it when displaying the link. The title attribute is useful for referencing an otherwise unlabeled resource, such as an image or a non-HTML document.

SOLUTION

The compact attribute is used when definition terms are very short. It tells the browser to squeeze the list when possible.

SOLUTION

A definition list is a list of items, with a description of each item. It starts with a < dl > tag (definition list). Each term starts with a < dt > tag (definition term). Each description starts with a < dd > tag (definition description).

SOLUTION

The start attribute lets us change the beginning value. It must be set to a numeric value. The type attribute is used to change the numbering style.

SOLUTION

By default, the browser automatically bullets each < ul > tagged item. However, the bullet style can be changed using type attribute. This attribute may have a value of either disc, circle or square.

SOLUTION

An unnumbered or unordered list is identified as < ul >. It is a bulleted list. It starts with an opening list < ul >. It then uses the < li > tag to denote the beginning of each new list item.

SOLUTION

To insert an image we use the tag . It called the images that we have defined in the SRC attribute followed be "=" and the name of the file, surrounded by quotes.

SOLUTION

There are three basic types of lists in HTML. They are unnumbered or unordered list, numbered or ordered list and definition list.

SOLUTION

With Netscape and Internet Explorer, the bottom alignment value has the same effect, i.e., the browsers align the bottom of the image in the same horizontal plane as the baseline of the text.

SOLUTION

An ordered list (also known as numbered list) is an indented list that has numbers or letters in front of each item. These lists are marked by < ol > and < /ol > tags.

SOLUTION

MAILTO function allows other users to communicate with us via email. MAILTO is called using an anchor just like standard links to other documents, i.e., using href attribute. The mailto function creates a link that, when clicked on, displays a separate window which allows users to write and send an email message to the specified email address (es). We can send email to multiple addresses by separating all email addresses with a comma and space. The syntax is: < a href = mailto:emailaddress >email address < /a >.

SOLUTION

The align attribute.

SOLUTION

The alt attribute.

SOLUTION

The src attribute.

SOLUTION

A definition list consists of alternating a definition term ( < dt > ) and a definition description ( < dd > ).

SOLUTION

In order to decrease repetitious statements within stylesheets, grouping of selectors and declaration is allowed.

SOLUTION

If all tags in a document are correctly formed and follow XML guidelines, then a document is considered as well-formed. Syntax is the grammar of language.

SOLUTION

XML documents must contain one element that is parent of all other elements. This parent element is known as root element or document element.

SOLUTION

The encoding pseudo-attribute specifies the characterset. This pseudo-attribute is optional. If we skip it, the default character-set is UTF-8.

SOLUTION

RecipeML is a format for representing recipies on computer. Recipes can be either represented online or in software.

SOLUTION

XML tags are not predefined. We can use XML to create our own tag set. We can create or invent new tags as per our requirements.

SOLUTION

XML is supported and recommended by World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). W3C forms working group to develop specifications for XML. W3C has laid down certain rules that need to be followed by all XML applications.

SOLUTION

A trace represents a sequence of contiguous ink points, where each point captures the values of particular quantities such as the X and Y coordinates of the pen’s position. A sequence of traces accumulates to meaningful units such as characters, words or diagrams.

SOLUTION

The comments are not processed by XML parsers. The comments are inserted for purposes like – to add notes about document structure and to break a document into sections. Comments begin with < ! - - > and end with --> just like HTML comments.

SOLUTION

XML is a meta-language, which means it can be used to create new languages. A number of languages as per the needs or requirements of the specific domain have been created. Some of them are: ADML (Architecture Description Markup Language), BrainML (Brain Markup Language), ChessGML (Chess Game Markup Language), CML (Chemical Markup Language) etc.

SOLUTION

Valid documents must conform to XML syntax rules as well as DTD. Document Type Definition (DTD) is a set of rules that defines what tags appear in an XML document.

SOLUTION

The storage units in physical structure terms are called entities. Entities can either be contained inside document (i.e., internal entities) or can also exist outside document (i.e., external entities).

SOLUTION

Well-formed documents must conform to XML syntax rules. They have correctly formed tags & follow XML guidelines.

SOLUTION

XML is a meta-language, which means it can be used to create new languages. A number of languages as per the needs or requirements of the specific domain have been created. Some of them are: ADML (Architecture Description Markup Language), BrainML (Brain Markup Language), GML (Geography Markup Language), ChessGML (Chess Game Markup Language), CML (Chemical Markup Language) etc.

SOLUTION

To create a CSS file, we need to write the style-rules for desired selectors in an editor and save them with extension .css.

SOLUTION

A style-sheet is made up of style rules that tell a browser how to present a document. Each style rule is made up of a selector (usually an HTML element such as BODY, P etc. or XML elements of XML document) and the style to be applied to the selector.

SOLUTION

CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheet. It is a collection of formatting rules. It controls the appearance of content in a web page.

SOLUTION

Attribute values must always be quoted (as opposed to HTML). For example, < title id = “1” > Beautiful < /title >

SOLUTION

A data instance is also referred as body. The data instance part of XML document follows the prolog and consists of one or more elements, i.e., it contains the real data.

SOLUTION

Elements that are nested inside the root element belong to one of the following three element categories: start tag, end tags and declared empty element tag. A start tag is a tag name inside angle brackets, e.g., < atag >. An end tag is a tag-name that has same name as that of its start tag but with a pre-ceeding slash, e.g., < /atag >. A declared empty element tag is a tag without end tag.

SOLUTION

XML-document system is the set of all related files and documents that are needed when an XML based file is to be rendered on web. It comprises of:

(i) Style-sheet file (CSS or XSL)
(ii) Grammar structure (DTD)
(iii) Semantics of data (XML file)

SOLUTION

< student-list >

          < student >

               < name > Akash < /name >

               < rollno > 5 < /rollno >

               < subject > Mathematics < /subject >

          < /student >

          < student >

              < name > Bhavna < /name >

              < rollno > 11 < /rollno >

              < subject > Biology < /subject >

         < /student >

SOLUTION

The rules that all XML applications need to follow are listed below: 
(i) XML must be directly usable over the Internet. 
(ii) XML must support a wide variety of applications. 
(iii) XML must be compatible with SGML. 
(iv) Number of optional features in XML needs to be kept to the absolute minimum, ideally zero. 
(v) XML documents must be human-legible and clear. 
(vi) XML design must be formal and concise.

SOLUTION

< QuestionPaper >

        < Question category = “MCQ” >

        < title > Who is the Father Of Nation? < /title >

        < optionA > A). Jawahar Lal Nehru < /optionA >

        < optionB > B). Mahatma Gandhi< /optionB >

        < optionC > C). Subhash Chandra Bose  
     < /optionC >

       < optionD > D). Bhagat Singh < /optionD >

       < answer > B). < /answer >

       < /Question >

SOLUTION

InkML is a data format for representing digital ink data. The markup provides a format for transferring digital ink data between devices & software components and storing hand-input traces. The fundamental data element in an InkML file is the < trace >. Trace represents a sequence of contiguous ink points.

SOLUTION

The important rules for an XML document are:

1. XML documents must contain at least one element.

2. XML documents must contain a unique opening & closing tag that contains the whole document, known as a root element.

3. All other tags must be closed properly, i.e., there must be a proper opening & a closing tag. In XML, empty tags must end with a following slash.

4. All other tags must be nested properly, i.e., the start and end tags of child elements cannot overlap.

5. Tags in XML are case-sensitive. That is, < Audio >, < AUDIO > and < audio > are not the same.

SOLUTION

Every XML document is a structured document. Every XML file or document has both, a logical structure and a physical structure. The logical structure tells about what all elements are to be included in the document and the order of elements. The physical structure contains the actual content. The storage units in physical structure terms are called entities. Entities can either be contained inside document, i.e., internal entities or can also exit outside the document, i.e., external entities.

SOLUTION

< ?xml version = “1.0”? >

   < message data = “2/12/2011” >

   < sender > Prerna < /sender >

   < receivers >

   < receiver > Pranav < receiver >

   < receiver > Piyush < receiver >

   < /receivers >

   < text > Let us meet up on the coming weekend < /text >

SOLUTION

(a) XML Validator.

(b) top-level

(c) !DOCTYPE

(d) well formed document

SOLUTION

(a) True

(b) True

(c) False

(d) True

(e) True

SOLUTION

i. eXtensible Markup Language
ii. src  
iii. tags 
iv. < HEAD >  
v. < A HREF >
vi well-formed documents
vii. Prolog

SOLUTION

i.  XML document must contain a root element. This element is “the parent” of all other elements. The elements in an XML document form a document tree. The tree starts at the root and branches to the lowest level of the tree.

All elements can have sub elements(child elements):

< root >

     < child >

              < subchild > …… < /subchild >

    < /child >

< /root >

         

ii. Code for the given table format:

< html >

< body >

 

< table border="1" >

< caption > < font color = "blue" > < b >Student Record< b >< /font >

< /Caption >

< tr >

    < th >Add No.< /th >

    < th >Name< /th >

    < th >Age< /th >

    < th >Address< /th >

    < th >Contact No.< /th >

  < /tr >

  < tr >

    < td >111< /td >

    < td >Pooja< /td >

    < td >20< /td >

    < td >XYZ< /td >

    < td >1234< /td >

  < /tr >

< tr >

    < td >112< /td >

    < td >Prerna< /td >

    < td >20< /td >

    < td >abc< /td >

    < td >2567< /td >

  < /tr >

< /table >

 

< /body >

< /html >

SOLUTION

i. a
ii. a
iii. b
iv. c
v. d
vi. b
vii. b
viii. c
ix. c
x. b
xi. d

SOLUTION

i.    (c) 
ii.   (d)
iii.  (b)
iv.  (c)
v.   (b)
vi.  (d)
vii. (d)
viii.(a)
ix.  (c)
x.   (c)
xi.  (b)
xii. (b)
xiii.(a)
xiv.(b)
xv. (d)

SOLUTION

(a) The syntax rules of XML are very simple.
• All XML elements must have a closing tag.
• XML tags are case sensitive.
• XML elements must be properly nested.
• XML documents must have a root element.
• XML attribute values must be quoted.

(b) The XMLdeclaration indicates that the document is written in XML and specifies which version of XML is used. It also specifies the language encoding for the document (optional) and if the application refers to external entities.

(c) No, XML itself does not replace HTML. Instead, it provides an alternative that allows you to define your own set of markup elements.

(d) DTD stands for Document Type Definition. A DTD allows you to create rules for the elements within your XML documents.

(e) XML Parser is the software that reads XML documents and interprets or “parse” the code according to the XML standard. A parser is needed to perform actions on XML, such as comparing an XML document to a DTD.

(f) Well formed XML documents contain text and XML tags which conform with the XML syntax.

Valid XML documents must be well formed and are additionally error checked against a Document Type Definition (DTD). A DTD is a set of rules outlining which tags are allowed, what values those tags may contain and how the tags relate to each other. Typically, a valid document is used when documents require error checking and enforced structure or are working within a company in whch many documents need to follow the same guidelines.

(g) XML is a project of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and the development of the specification is supervised by an XML Working Group.

(h) XML Elements are represented by tags. Elements usually consist of an opening tag and a closing tag.

SOLUTION

Database Management System (DBMS) is a computer program that manages a database effectively and efficiently. Database refers to the collection of interrelated data.

SOLUTION

Data redundancy means duplication of data. Data redundancy sometimes refers to computer data storage. It is a property of some disk arrays that provides fault tolerance, so that all or part of the data stored in the array can be recovered in the case of disk failure. Database systems reduce redundancy of data.

SOLUTION

In database management system, it is possible to share the data. Due to sharing of data, redundancy of data is reduced.

SOLUTION

An ordered set of fields, usually stored contiguously is known as a record.

SOLUTION

When all the data is stored in one file, then such a database is called Flat Database.

SOLUTION

The logical structure of an XML document consists of mainly–
a. The Prolog
b. The Data Instance

SOLUTION

SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language)

SOLUTION

DTD stands for Document Type Definition and PI stands for Processing Instructions.

SOLUTION

Document element

SOLUTION

The storage units in physical structure are called entities. Entities can be either external or internal.

SOLUTION

A meta-language defines other languages.

SOLUTION

No. XML is a true subset of SGML designed for use on the Internet. It supports all the structural and validation features that we expect from SGML. Valid XML documents are valid SGML documents.