SOLUTION

मूल धातु- धाव्

पुरुष- प्रथम पुरुष      

वचन- बहुवचन

SOLUTION

पंचमी विभक्ति- जलात्   जलाभ्याम्   जलेभ्यः। 

षष्ठी विभक्ति- जलस्य   जलयोः   जलानाम्।

SOLUTION

षष्ठी विभक्ति- मुनेः   मुन्योः   मुनिनाम्।      

सप्तमी विभक्ति- मुनौ   मुन्योः   मुनिषु।

SOLUTION

तृतीया विभक्ति-बालकेन   बालकाभ्याम्  बालकैः।

चतुर्थी विभक्ति- बालकाय  बालकाभ्याम्  बालकेभ्यः।

SOLUTION

संस्कृत भाषा में काल एवं अवस्था को लकारकहते हैं।

SOLUTION

संस्कृत में तीन पुरुष होते हैं-

1-    प्रथम पुरुष

2-    मध्यम पुरुष

3-    उत्तम पुरुष

SOLUTION

लट् लकार (वर्तमान काल)

SOLUTION

लट् लकार (वर्तमान काल)

SOLUTION

लट् लकार (वर्तमान काल)

SOLUTION

लट् लकार (वर्तमान काल)

SOLUTION

संस्कृत में पाँच लकार होते हैं-

1.     लट् लकार

2.     लोट् लकार

3.     लङ्ग लकार

4.     लृट् लकार

5.     विधिलिंग लकार

SOLUTION

  1.रक्तांगः                                                                                        

  2. ललाटम्                                                                                                       

 3. गृध्रः                                                                                                                                   

 4. अजा                                                                                            

 5. वृषभः                                                                                               

  6. उष्ट्रः

SOLUTION

1.मंगलवार

2. पीला

3. माता

4. मामी

5. अंगूर

6. गर्दन

SOLUTION

SOLUTION

SOLUTION

Aryabhatta

SOLUTION

SOLUTION

It is the branch of science that deals with the study of all the celestial bodies.

SOLUTION

Inner core

SOLUTION

The outer core contains iron and nickel in molten state. Some amount of sulphur is also present in it.

SOLUTION

Mantle is about 2900 km thick. This layer is below the crust. Its upper part is made up of solid rock and lower part is made up of molten rock.

SOLUTION

Crust

SOLUTION

Outer core

SOLUTION

1.         Solar eclipse

2.         Lunar eclipse

SOLUTION

When the earth comes between the Sun and the moon it is called as lunar eclipse.

SOLUTION

When the moon comes between the Earth and the Sun, it blocks the sunlight to an extent. This is called solar eclipse.

SOLUTION

a.         False

b.         False

c.          True

d.         True

e.         True

SOLUTION

total lunar eclipse

SOLUTION

Crust is the outermost layer of the Earth. The continents and oceans lie on this layer. It is made of rocks and contains everything essential for life.

SOLUTION

1.         seismic activity

2.         force of gravity

SOLUTION

1. volcanic eruptions

2. mining projects

3. drilling projects

SOLUTION

An eclipse occurs when an object gets in the path of viewing an object and blocks our view.

SOLUTION

1. Crust

2. Mantle

3. Core

SOLUTION

The basic elements of weather are temperature, rainfall, sunshine, wind speed, atmospheric pressure and humidity.

SOLUTION

a.         An anemometer is used to measure the speed of wind.

b.         A rain gauge measures the amount of rainfall over a specific time period.

c.          A wind vane is the instrument that determines the direction of the wind.

SOLUTION

The climate of a place affects the lifestyle of people living there in various ways like: the clothes they wear, the food they eat, the crops they grow and the types of house they live in all these depend upon the climate.  For example, people living in cold mountain regions wear woolen clothes while, people living in deserts wear light coloured cotton clothes.

SOLUTION

In the Frigid Zone, the rays of sun fall obliquely ,are very weak and spread over a larger area at poles. Therefore, this area remains very cold throughout the year.

SOLUTION

A moderate climate is the climate which is neither too hot nor too cold and is prevalent where temperatures are neither too high nor too low.  Whereas, an extreme climate is the combination of prevailing bad weather conditions  like: too high or too low temperatures, thunderstorms, floods, droughts, etc., which can become devastating.

SOLUTION

A weather balloon measures weather conditions higher up in the atmosphere whereas, a compass is a navigational instrument used for finding directions.

SOLUTION

Weather maps indicate atmospheric conditions, over a large part of Earth's surface. Meteorologists use weather maps to forecast the weather.

SOLUTION

Delhi is hot during summers due to dry and hot winds blowing in from Rajasthan. In winters, cold winds blowing in from the Himalayas cause a cold wave in Delhi. This lowers the temperature in Delhi during winters.

SOLUTION

Humidity is the amount of water vapour in the air. It affects the climate of a place. Hygrometer is the instrument that is used to measure humidity in the atmosphere.

SOLUTION

The Tropical Zone is hot throughout the year. It has the humid climate because the rays of sun fall directly on this heat zone of the Earth.

SOLUTION

In India, there are three main seasons which are:

1.Summer: From the month of March to June.

2.Monsoon: From the month of July to September.

3.Winter From the month of October to February

SOLUTION

The area on both sides of the Equator, between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn is called the Tropical Zone. It is also known as Torrid Zone.

SOLUTION

Frigid zones are located between Arctic Circle and North Pole in the Northern Hemisphere, and between Antarctic Circle and South Pole in the Southern Hemisphere.

SOLUTION

There are three climatic or heat zones depending upon the amount of heat received from the sun.

1.Tropical Zone

2.Temperate Zone

3.Frigid Zone

SOLUTION

The factors that determine the climate of a place are:

1.Latitude

2.Height above the sea level (altitude)

3.Distance from the sea

4.Wind

5.Humidity and rainfall

6.Ocean currents

SOLUTION

Chennai is located along the sea-coast and is nearer to the equator while Delhi is located far away from the sea coast and equator both. Thus, Chennai experiences moderate or maritime climate throughout the year while, Delhi has extreme type of climate. Therefore, summers in Delhi are hot and summers in Chennai are comparatively cooler.

SOLUTION

Winds blow in a particular direction in different parts of the world and they bring about the changes in the temperature of a place. Winds blowing in from hot regions increase the temperature of a place while those blowing in from cold regions decrease the temperature of a place.

SOLUTION

Humidity is the amount of moisture or water-vapour present in the air.  Since, this is caused due to evaporation of water from the surface therefore, the winds blowing in from sea bring large amount of rainfall as compared to the winds blowing in from land.  The climate of the areas near Equator is hot and wet because the winds blowing over these areas are from the sea and are, hot and laden with moisture. On the other hand, winds blowing over deserts are from the land and are usually hot, with less moisture content and therefore, the deserts experience hot and dry climate.

SOLUTION

The places near the sea i.e. coastal areas are much cooler and wetter than the places lying far away from the sea coast due to land and sea breezes.  The water heats up and cools down more slowly than land.  During the daytime, the air blowing over the land is hotter than the air blowing over the sea.  This causes the cool sea-breeze to blow towards the land.  During night the air blowing over the land is cooler than the air blowing over the sea and this causes the land breeze. This is why coastal areas experience coastal or moderate or maritime climate.

SOLUTION

A barometer is an instrument that is used to measure the air pressure. It gives the information about the rise and fall of the atmospheric pressure. A rising pressure means dry and sunny weather while falling pressure means stormy and wet weather.

SOLUTION

The shape of a volcano resembles to that of a mountain. Mauna Loa is the largest active volcano in Hawaii.

SOLUTION

An earthquake is sudden trembling of Earth’s surface. It can be mild or severe. When severe, it can lead to major destruction in terms of land and buildings whereas if mild, it is not even noticeable.

SOLUTION

The term ‘Tsunami’ refers to huge tidal waves. These waves can travel at a speed of 800 km per hour.

SOLUTION

Epicentre is the point immediately above the focus of an earthquake. It lies on Earth’s surface.

SOLUTION

We measure the intensity of an earthquake by an instrument called seismograph.The scale usedto measure an earthquake is called Richter scale.

SOLUTION

The basic differences between magma and lava are as follows:

·       Magma is found in Earth’s crust and when magma reaches Earth’s surface, it is called lava.

·       Magma is molten rock together with ashes, gases and water vapour. When ashes, gases and water vapour escape into the air, the residual is known as lava.

SOLUTION

The precautionarymeasures that should be undertaken during an earthquake are as follows:

·                               Stand in the corner of a room.

·                               Keep away from windows, cabinets, fans and heavy objects that may fall on you and injure you.

·                               If possible, protect your head with a pillow or cushion.

SOLUTION

An earthquake can cause huge damage to life and poperty like:

·                               Death of people

·                               Collapse of buildings

·                               Destruction of roads and bridges

·                               Big landslides

·                               Tsunami

SOLUTION

Disasters are mainly of two types:

1.         Manmade disasters:Accidents caused due to human errors are known as manmade disasters. These are construction of illegal buildings, gas leakage or accidents.

2.         Natural disasters: Natural disasters happen due to the occurrence of some changes in nature. For example, Tsunamis, cyclones, earthquakes, etc.

SOLUTION

A sudden and great misfortune that befalls on people is termed as a disaster. A disaster may affect a few people or a whole community, living in a particular area. Disasters can lead to injuries and even death, at times.

Disasters are basically of two types:

·       Natural disasters

·       Manmade disasters

SOLUTION

If an earthquake occurs in a thickly populated city, like Delhi or Kolkata, the damage will be huge. A lot of buildings might collapse. People might die. There will be a huge destruction to both life and property.

However, if it occurs in the deserts of Rajasthan, it will not be very damaging as no or minimum loss of life and property will take place.

SOLUTION

An earthquake occurs when the inside energy hits the surface of Earth at a particular point. From this centre, waves of vibration move in all directions. This movement of vibration on Earth’s surface is known as an earthquake. It can be mild (0–3 Richter scale) or severe (4–9) Richter scale.

SOLUTION

An earthquake is termed mild if its intensity is between 0 and 3 on the Richter scale. The intensity 0 on the Richter scale has no effect, what so ever. Earthquake with intensity 1 shows a slight shaking while intensity 2 earthquake causes minor shaking. If the earthquake’s intensity on Richter scale shows 3, then it will have a moderate effect.

SOLUTION

The point inside the Earth where an earthquake originates is known as focus.

However, the point immediately above the focus is known as an epicentre. It lies on Earth’s surface. Epicentre is generally, the place where the earthquake hits the hardest and maximum destruction takes place.

SOLUTION

Tsunami is caused by the underwater disturbances in the sea. These disturbances could be in the form of earthquakes and volcanoes. When such an incident happens, ripples are formed around it. These ripples finally turn into huge waves when they approach the coast. These huge waves are called tsunami.

SOLUTION

SOLUTION

(i)     (a)

(ii)    (c)

(iii)   (b)

(iv)   (c)

SOLUTION

SOLUTION

Hint:Steam engine rails, Electric engine rail, Diesel engine rail, Metro, Local train etc.

SOLUTION

SOLUTION

Formation of fossil fuels includes the following steps:

·       Step1:Vegetation buried under ground from millions of years.

·       Step2:Due to high pressure and heat, this buried vegetation turns into fossil fuel.

SOLUTION

Fossil fuel is called a non-renewable resource as it is formed from the dead remains of plants and animals that take millions of years to replenish.

SOLUTION

An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial plant where crude oil is processed and refined into more useful petroleum products.

SOLUTION

An oil field is an area where there is a lot of oil and special equipments have been set up to dig it out from the ground. For example, Digboi in Assam.

SOLUTION

One should use public transport, while going out, to save fuel and energy. This would also help in reducing air pollution.

SOLUTION

There are many ways by which we can help in conserving natural resources. Some of them are as follows:

o    Switch off all electrical appliances when not in use

o    Minimum usage of electricity

o    Use of car pool or public transport

o    Reduce, reuse and recycle objects

o    Use less water for daily life purposes

o    Use renewable sources of energy

o    Do not waste water or cut trees unnecessarily

SOLUTION

Natural resources are used excessively due to the following reasons:

·         To meet the demands of housing of increasing population

·         Land is required to grow more food for growing population

·         Demands for new types of products and commodities to enhance our lifestyle, like cane furniture, gas-lit lamps, etc.

SOLUTION

Some important uses of coal and petroleum are:

·       Coal is used as an energy input in making iron and steel.

·       Coal is used for generating power plants.

·       Petroleum is refined to make automobile and aviation fuels, like petrol, diesel and kerosene.

·       Petroleum is used for extracting many important petrochemicals, which are used in the manufacturing of products, such as, rayon, nylon, etc.

SOLUTION

Conservation of natural resources means using the resources in a sustainable and careful manner; so that they are not overused. This overuse can lead to environmental damage.

Natural resources are the resources provided to us by nature. However, we must conserve these resources as they are available to us in limited amount. Once they are finished, it will be very difficult to replenish them.

SOLUTION

Some important uses of fuels are as follows:

·         It is used for cooking food.

·         It is used for the working of machineries.

·         It is used for supplying water in fields.

·         It is used in transportation.

·         It is used in factories.

·         It is used in refrigeration.

·         It is used for lighting lamps.

SOLUTION

Ultraviolet radiations are very harmful for human beings. Some of their harmful effects are:

·       Cataract:It is a disease of eye lens; where a normally clear eye lens becomes opaque and causes blindness.

·       Inflammatory disease:UV rays lead to skin becoming inflated and various rashes appear on the skin.

·       Skin cancer:Prolonged exposure to UV rays can lead to skin cancer and various other types of cancers.

SOLUTION

Forests are useful to mankind for the following reasons:

·       Forests provide us with various types of fruits, flowers and food.

·       Forests provide us with medicinal herbs and plants.

·       Forests provide us with timber for making buildings and cane for making furniture.

·       Forests provideus withraw materials for paper industry, board industry and plywood industry.

·       Forests provide fodder and shelter to animals.

·       Forests check soil erosion, landslides, etc.

SOLUTION

We can classify our natural resources based on the following categories:

a.         Inexhaustible resources:Inexhaustible resources are those resources that can never finish. They keep on getting replenished on their own. Some such resources are sunlight, wind, air and water.

b.         Exhaustible resources:Exhaustible resources are those resources that will finish with regular usage. They are available to us in limited quantities, for example, coal and petroleum.

SOLUTION

 Natural resources are important, to mankind, because they are used by all living organisms to survive.

Natural resources include air, water and Sun. Human beings need all three of these resources to breathe and survive on Earth.

SOLUTION

If we want to save fuel we should use alternate fuel, i.e., renewable form of energy. This form of energy makes use of common sources of energy, such as solar energy, hydro power, wind energy and nuclear power. These forms are easily replenished and never finish.

Continued replenishment of these forms of energy help us regularly use them without any worries of their becoming extinct, due to regular usage.

SOLUTION

Weather is the state of air and atmosphere at a particular place and time in terms of temperature, atmospheric pressure, rainfall, humidity, dryness, etc.

SOLUTION

Climate is the average weather condition of a place over a long period of time (usually 30 years).

SOLUTION

Temperate Zone lies between the Tropical and Frigid Zone.

SOLUTION

Torrid Zone

SOLUTION

Thermometer

SOLUTION

Maps have many limitations. Some of these are:

1. Maps being two-dimensional cannot show Earth’s surface accurately.
2. A number of standard symbols, signs, colours and legends are used on maps. Thus, to understand maps, we first need to learn these symbols and signs.

SOLUTION

A thematic map is the one that depicts a specific feature or topic with respect to a geographical area. For example, a map showing the average distribution of rainfall in an area or a map showing roads, railways and airline routes in an area are thematic maps.

SOLUTION

A map representing 1 centimetre: 40 kilometres will be bigger than the map representing 1 centimetre: 100 kilometres.

This is so, because in a map showing 1 centimetre: 40 kilometres, a small distance, i.e., 40 kilometres on land is represented as 1 centimetre in comparison to 100 kilometres, as depicted on the other map.

SOLUTION

Certain standard colours are used to show specific features on the map. These are:

1. Water bodies are always shown in blue. Deep blue shows deep waters and light blue shows shallow waters.
2. Mountains and highlands are shown in brown and yellow. Dark brown shows high mountains and light brown shows lower mountains and hills.
3. Plains are shown in green colour.

SOLUTION

A globe has several shortcomings as compared to maps. Some of these are:

1. It is difficult to carry a globe around.
2. It is not possible to see all parts of Earth’s surface at the same time on a globe.
3. It is difficult to show detailed information on the map.

SOLUTION

Following are the seven continents of the world:

• Asia
• Africa
• Australia
• Europe
• North America
• South America
• Antarctica

Following are the five oceans of the world:

• Antarctic Ocean
• Indian Ocean
• Pacific Ocean
• Atlantic Ocean
• Arctic Ocean

SOLUTION

The following are the advantages of maps over globes:

1. Maps can be drawn to show the whole world, a single continent, a country, a city and even our neighbourhood.
2. They can be drawn in any size.
3. They can be easily rolled up, folded and carried.