SOLUTION

Maps are smaller than areas they represent. So, it is not possible to show the actual distance between two places on a map.

That is the reason why, sizes and distances between places on a map are shown by a scale.

SOLUTION

The distance between Delhi and Agra on map= 2.65 cm.

The scale of map=1 centimetre: 100 kilometres

Therefore, the actual distance between Delhi and Agra, on ground = 2.65 ×100 kilometres

= 265 kilometres

SOLUTION

Climate maps are maps that show the geographic distribution of average values of climatic variables, i.e., temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, cloud cover, wind speed, etc.

Different colours are used to indicate different climatic zones and conditions, like sunshine, rain, cloud cover, wind speed, etc.

SOLUTION

LPG: It stands for Liquefied Petroleum Gas. It is used as cooking gas in homes and as motor fuel. It is also used in refrigeration.

CNG: It stands for Compressed Natural Gas. It is used as fuel in vehicles as it does not contain any lead.

SOLUTION

Fossil fuel is formed by the remains of dead plants and animals.

SOLUTION

Coal is a solid fossil fuel; formed by the decomposition of plant and animal materials buried long ago under Earth. Nowadays, people use less coal to avoid air pollution.

SOLUTION

Fossil fuel is the non-renewable energy resource. It is formed from the remains of plants and animals that lived long ago. Some common types of fossil fuels are coal, fuel oil or natural gas and petroleum.

SOLUTION

Crude oil is used to make the following:

Petrol

Diesel

Jet fuel

Vaseline

Plastic bags

Petroleum

Fuel oil

SOLUTION

Formation of fossil fuels includes the following steps:

Step1: Vegetation buried under ground from millions of years.

Step2: Due to high pressure and heat, this buried vegetation turns into fossil fuel.

SOLUTION

Natural resources are important, to mankind, because they are used by all living organisms to survive.

SOLUTION

If we want to save fuel we should use alternate source of energy, i.e., renewable form of energy. This form of energy makes use of common sources of energy, such as solar energy, hydro power, wind energy and nuclear power. These forms are easily replenished and never finish.

Continued replenishment of these forms of energy help us regularly use them without any worries of their becoming extinct, due to regular usage.

SOLUTION

Renewable resources are in-exhaustive and can be regenerated within a given span of time, for e.g., forests, wildlife, wind energy, biomass energy, tidal energy, hydro power, etc. However, non-renewable energy sources cannot be regenerated, if once vanished, for e.g., fossil fuel, like coal, petroleum, minerals, etc. Once we exhaust these reserves, we will not be able to replenish them.

SOLUTION

Oil or petroleum industry is divided into four sectors:

Crude oil production from wells

Pipeline or tanker to transport oil

Refining oil

Making oil products

SOLUTION

Physical maps show natural features of land.

SOLUTION

Atlas is a book of maps.

SOLUTION

The blue colour on a map represents water bodies.

SOLUTION

Arctic Circle is at 661/2 ⁰N.

SOLUTION

Equator divides Earth into two equal halves.

SOLUTION

The ratio of the distance on a map to the actual distance on the ground is known as the scale of the map. For example, the distance between two cities on land is 100 kilometres. However on the map it is shown as 1 centimetre. Then, the scale of the map is ‘1 centimetre: 100 kilometres’.

SOLUTION

Road maps display major roads, highways, airports, cities, etc. They give people correct directions while driving and also help people in planning road trips.

SOLUTION

 A map is a drawing of the whole or a part of the geographical area of Earth’s surface on a flat piece of paper. The word ‘map’ has been derived from the Latin word ‘Mappo’, which means a napkin. 

SOLUTION

The art and science of map making is called cartography. A person who makes maps is called a ‘cartographer’.

SOLUTION

A true map shows the following:

• The true directions between places
• A scale representing the correct distance between places
• A heading defining the type of map it is

SOLUTION

Three common examples of thematic maps are as follows:

1. Transport maps
2. Soil maps
3. Population distribution maps

SOLUTION

On a map, we represent the following as:

1. Police station: PS
2. Post office: PO
3. Sea route: - - - - - - - -

SOLUTION

Political maps show boundaries of countries, states and important cities, whereas physical maps show natural features of land, such as mountains, rivers, plains, etc.

SOLUTION

Mountains and highlands are shown in brown and yellow. High mountains are shown in dark brown colour whereas light brown colour is used for lower mountains and hills. Yellow colour shows plateaus.

SOLUTION

The scale of a map is often shown as a line with distances marked on it. For example, the scale shows that 0.5 kilometres on land is equal to 1 centimetre on map.

SOLUTION

Globe cannot be used as a model of Earth because of the following:

1. It is very difficult to carry a globe around.
2. It is not possible to see all parts of Earth’s surface at the same time on the globe.

SOLUTION

Maps are not the most accurate representation of Earth as we cannot flatten out Earth’s surface and show it accurately. So, there are some errors in shapes and sizes of places in maps.

SOLUTION

Certain standard colours are used to show features, like oceans, mountains, plains, deserts, etc., on maps. For example, mountains and highlands are shown in brown and yellow colour in maps.

SOLUTION

There are mainly three types of maps, namely:

1. Political map
2. Physical map
3. Thematic map

SOLUTION

Directions are usually shown by using an arrow. Most maps indicate North with an arrow marked N and using this; it is easy to find South, East and West.

SOLUTION

Crude oil is the dark-coloured liquid that comes out of the ground before the refining of the petroleum. It is thick, smelly and highly flammable.

SOLUTION

Fossil fuel is called a non-renewable resource as it is formed from the dead remains of plants and animals that take millions of years to replenish.

SOLUTION

An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial plant where crude oil is processed and refined into more useful petroleum products.

SOLUTION

An oil field is an area where there is a lot of oil and special equipment have been set up to dig it out from the ground. For example, Digboi in Assam.

SOLUTION

One should use public transport, while going out, to save fuel and energy. This would also help in reducing air pollution.

SOLUTION

Fossil fuel is formed by the remains of dead plants and animals.

SOLUTION

Women, in villages, use wood to cook food.

SOLUTION

Uplas are made up of cow dung.

SOLUTION

Sun is the primary source of energy on Earth.

SOLUTION

Renewable resourcesare always available and cannot be finished by humans.

SOLUTION

Renewable resources are in-exhaustive and can be regenerated within a given span of time, for e.g., forests, wildlife, wind energy, biomass energy, tidal energy, hydro power, etc. However, non-renewable energy sources cannot be regenerated, if once vanished, for e.g., fossil fuel, like coal, petroleum, minerals, etc. Once we exhaust these reserves, we will not be able to replenish them.

SOLUTION

a.         LPG: It stands for Liquefied Petroleum Gas. It is used as cooking gas in homes and as motor fuel. It is also used in refrigeration.

b.         CNG: It stands for Compressed Natural Gas. It is used as fuel in vehicles as it does not contain any lead.

SOLUTION

Renewable resources are those resources that refill with the passage of time and cannot be permanently finished. Soil, water, sunlight and vegetation are some such examples.

SOLUTION

Oil or petroleum industry is divided into four sectors:

·                   Crude oil production from wells

·                   Pipeline or tanker to transport oil

·                   Refining oil

·                   Making oil products

SOLUTION

Children can help in preserving water with the help of the following measures:

·       Keeping taps securely shut off

·       Taking short showers

·       Not wasting drinking water

·       Using bucket instead of shower while bathing

·       Watering plants through mugs instead of spray cans

SOLUTION

Children can help in keeping the air clean by riding bikes, walking or taking a bus instead of having their parents drive them to different places.

SOLUTION

Coal is a solid fossil fuel; formed by the decomposition of plant and animal materials buried long ago under Earth. Nowadays, people use less coal to avoid air pollution.

SOLUTION

Fossil fuel is the non-renewable energy resource. It is formed from the remains of plants and animals that lived long ago. Some common types of fossil fuels are coal, fuel oil or natural gas and petroleum.

SOLUTION

Crude oil is used to make the following:

·       Petrol

·       Diesel

·       Jet fuel

·       Vaseline

·       Plastic bags

·       Petroleum

·       Fuel oil

SOLUTION

Crude oil is the dark-coloured liquid that comes out of the ground before the refining of the petroleum. It is thick, smelly and highly flammable.

SOLUTION

SOLUTION

The regions at the higher altitude have colder climate as compared to the regions at the lower altitude.  This is because,as the altitude of a region increases the temperature of the air of that region decreases. This is the reason that very high mountains experience snowfall and most of the peaks of Himalayas are covered with snow even during summers.

SOLUTION

The latitude of a place determines the angle at which the rays of sun strike. If the region is near equator, then the rays of sun fall directly over that region and it becomes hot. But if the region is near the poles, then the rays of sun fall indirectly over that region and therefore, it becomes cold.

SOLUTION

The areas near Equator receive more heat from the sun than those near the poles because the rays of sun fall vertically over the equator whereas, at the poles they fall obliquely and are spread over a larger area of the land.

SOLUTION

Scientists calculate the average of elements of the weather over a long period of time. The average time taken is usually thirty years. Thus, the average of elements like: daily temperature, rainfall, humidity, etc., are calculated on the daily basis for a period of thirty years to determine the climate of a particular region.

SOLUTION

Mt. Elbrus

SOLUTION

Mt. Vesuvius

SOLUTION

Yes, lava forms lava plains.

SOLUTION

Hot molten rock that comes out of a volcano is known as lava.

SOLUTION

No, earthquakes occur without warning.

SOLUTION

The outer layer of volcanic mountains that gets cut down or eroded after it forms a plug is known as a volcanic plug.

SOLUTION

Volcanoes are calleddestructive as they release poisonous gases and dust. These gases and dust cause severe respiratory problems and even kill people.

SOLUTION

Active volcanoes are those volcanoes that have erupted in recent years and may erupt again any time. Kilauea in Hawaii is an example of an active volcano.

SOLUTION

In order to prepare ourselves from any earthquake occurrence, we should do the following:

·                   Practice earthquake drill, drop , cover and hold

·                   Prepare an emergency plan with adults at home or teachers at school

SOLUTION

Tsunami refers to huge tidal waves in the sea. They have the speed of 800 km per hour and are 15 metre in height whereas; an earthquake is  sudden trembling of Earth’s surface. It can be mild or severe; depending on the intensity measured on Richter scale.

SOLUTION

Volcanoes are of three types:

1.Active volcano

2.Dormant volcano

3.Extinct volcano

SOLUTION

A volcano is a conical hill with an opening in Earth’s crust; from which hot, molten rocks, ashes and gases come out.

SOLUTION

If an earthquake occurs on 7 Richter scale, a huge tremor takes place. On 8 Richter scale, most of the buildings in the area will collapse and if the earthquake is on 9 Richter scale, then the entire area will get destroyed.

SOLUTION

If an earthquake occurs on 4 Richter scale, then windows may get cracks. If it is on 5 Richter scale, a split may occur in buildings may occur. On 6 Richter scale, high tremors take place and buildings might collapse.

SOLUTION

A Richter scale runs from 0 to 9 and it measures the intensity of an earthquake based on this level. If an earthquake is less than 3, then it will not even be noticeable; however, if it is four or more than four, then it will lead to mass destruction.

SOLUTION

a.         True

b.         True

c.          False

d.         True

e.         True

SOLUTION

Broad gauge

SOLUTION

James Watt

SOLUTION

Sheep, horse, donkey and ship were the ancient modes of transport.

SOLUTION

There are three modes of transport:

1.         Railways

2.         Roadways

3.         Airways

SOLUTION

Thomas Newcomer

SOLUTION

It is the process of travelling or moving of people or goods from one place to another.

SOLUTION

Telegram

SOLUTION

verbal

SOLUTION

written

SOLUTION

visual

SOLUTION

non-verbal

SOLUTION

Cinema helps people to learn about cultures and life styles of people, living in different parts of the world.

SOLUTION

The three examples of visual communication are:

Televisions

Cinemas

Computers

SOLUTION

The three examples of written communication are:

Fax

Letters

Newspapers

SOLUTION

Early humans used to communicate by drawing pictures on caves, beating drums and sending smoke signals before the language was developed.

SOLUTION

The printing was invented by Johann Gutenberg of Germany in 1443.

SOLUTION

In 17th century, a major mode of printed written communication developed was the 'Newspaper'.

SOLUTION

A famous broadcasting technologies used for radio signals is FM broadcasting.

SOLUTION

The three examples of verbal communication are:

·       Telephones

·       Mobile phones

·       Smart phones

SOLUTION

Sometimes, to treat a defective organ in the body, it becomes necessary to cut open the body and operate on the organ. This is known as surgery.

SOLUTION

Antiseptics are chemicals used to kill germs. The first antiseptic was discovered by Joseph Lister, to prevent the occurrence of death of people during surgery due to infection.

SOLUTION

Antibiotics cure diseases by killing and injuring bacteria present in the body. The discovery of antibiotics was an important milestone in the development of medicine.

SOLUTION

A stethoscope is used by doctors to listen to heartbeats, lung sounds, intestinal flow and blood flow in blood vessels to detect a malfunction.

SOLUTION

A clinical thermometer comprises a mercury bulb, kink, mercury, scaling, capillary tube and an expansion chamber.

SOLUTION

When the body temperature rises above the normal temperature, it gives an indication of fever.

SOLUTION

Vaccination is the administration of a vaccine to stimulate an individual’s immune system, so that it develops immunity to a disease.