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A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. For example, DPT vaccine is a vaccine against diseases Diphtheria, Pertussis (whooping cough) and tetanus.

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Edward Jenner developed the vaccination for smallpox. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the world became free from small pox on May 8, 1980.

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Penicillin was the first antibiotic to be invented. Bacterial infections are treated by using antibiotics.

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Zacharias Janssen invented microscope. Bacteria, protozoa, virus, etc. are micro-organisms that can be seen through a microscope.

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Carbolic acid was the first antiseptic that was used to sterilise surgical instruments and clean wounds.

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Rene Laennec was diagnosed with tuberculosis by the use of his own invention–stethoscope.

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Surgery was very painful earlier. Now, doctors make patients unconscious before operating, so they do not feel the pain. Doctors give patients anaesthesia to make them unconscious. Chloroform was one of the first drugs to be used as anaesthesia.

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Hundred and fifty years ago, the concept of surgery was new. Many patients died after operations due to infection of wounds. Thus, people considered surgery very unsafe for them.

Joseph Lister discovered the first antiseptic-carbolic acid, which he used to wash his hands, instruments and patient’s skin before performing an operation to prevent death due to infections.

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Edward Jenner observed that people, who had a mild disease called cowpox, did not suffer from smallpox. So, he injected cowpox germs into the body of a young boy in 1796. A few weeks later he injected the boy with smallpox germs. The boy did not get smallpox. Edward Jenner, then successfully tried this method of preventing smallpox on other people.

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Infectious or communicable diseases can be prevented by vaccinating a person’s body against them. If a person is vaccinated against a disease, his body develops the ability to fight germs that cause the disease. Diseases, like polio, tuberculosis, hepatitis, cholera and tetanus can be prevented by vaccinating a person’s body.

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Pasteurisation is the process of heating  food, usually liquid, such as milk or water, to a specific temperature for a definite length of time, and then cooling it immediately. It is done to prevent food from spoiling.

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We can stay fit by:

i.            eating nutritious food.

ii.          keeping our surroundings clean.

iii.        exercising regularly.

iv.        visiting a doctor regularly.

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Some of the common uses of ultrasound scanning are as follows:

i.            It monitors the growth of an unborn child.

ii.          It detects the abnormalities of the heart.

iii.        It helps in diagnosing problems of liver, gallbladder and pancreas.

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Small objects are placed under a microscopic lens through which light passes. This enables the eye to see a larger and a detailed image of the object. So, you can see microbes and find cure for them. This is how microscope helps in detecting diseases.

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Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit invented the clinical thermometer. The normal body temperature is 37 °C or 98.6 °F as read on a clinical thermometer.

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a technique used to visualise detailed internal structures of organs, like heart and brain.

A CAT scan is considered better than an X-ray as it generates three-dimensional images that show more details.

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1. a. Satyagraha method

2. b. Freeing the slaves as well as stopping slavery in USA

3. c. A Law was passed in USA giving equality to blacks

4. c. Take the injured to the hospital

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1. the civil war
2. harijans
3. Mahatma Gandhi
4. Satyagraha 
5. Martin Luther King

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India can be divided into six major physical divisions.

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7,516 km

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2,933 km

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3,214 km

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a.  Himalayas

b.  Terai

c.   Northern

d.  Asia

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The Northern Plains of India are the most densely populated and highly cultivated regions of India. Rice and wheat are the most commonly found crops of this region.

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The Northern Plains were known as the Aryavarta in ancient times. The river Ganges, Brahmaputra and Chambal flow in this area.

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The neighbouring countries of India are:

a.  Afghanistan

b.  Pakistan

c.   China

d.  Nepal

e.  Bhutan

f.    Bangladesh

g.  Myanmar

h.  Sri Lanka

i.     Maldives

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(i)The great or the inner Himalayas or the Himadri

 (ii) The middle Himalayas or the Himachal

 (iii) The outer Himalayas or the Shivaliks

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a.  Peninsula

b.  Purvanchal

c.   Thar desert

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The Himalayan rivers are generally snow-fed and flow throughout the year. During the monsoon months, the Himalayas receive very heavy rainfall and the rivers carry the maximum amount of water causing frequent floods. Some rivers that flow in this region are:

1.  Beas

2.  Sutlej

3.  Indus

4.  Ganges

5.  Brahmaputra

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The Lakshadweep Islands and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are together termed as the Island groups of India.

The Lakshadweep Islands are in the Arabian Sea. This group of islands is rich in terms of biodiversity.

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are bigger in size and have more number of islands. This group of islands can be divided into two groups. The Andaman is in the north and the Nicobar is in the south. These islands too have rich biodiversity.

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(i)                  The Indian Desert is also known as the 'Great Indian Desert' or the 'Thar Desert'. It is a significant portion of India. Its total area is about 208,110 sq km. Most of the Thar Desert is a part of Rajasthan.

(ii)                The coastal plains of India are located in the southern part of India. It is divided into two parts:

1.  The Eastern coastal plains It is a wide stretch of land lying between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal.

2.  The Western coastal plains It is a narrow strip of land that is located between the Western Ghats and Arabian Sea.

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The Northern Plains of India were formed by the deposits of three main rivers

1.  The Indus

2.  The Ganges

3.  The Brahmaputra

These plains are about 2400 km long and 320 km broad which mostly comprise of flat land.

The Northern Plains are one of the world's most intensely farmed areas. Primarily, the crops grown here are rice and wheat. Other crops grown here are maize, sugarcane and cotton.

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It is a track gauge greater than the standard gauge of 1,435mm.

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It is a track gauge of 1,000mm.In some African, Asian and American countries, it is the main gauge.

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A narrow gauge is a track gauge narrower than 1,435mm of the standard gauge of railways. It is cheaper to build, equip and operate than the standard gauge.

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The first locomotive train came into appearance in the year 1908.

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1. Diesel engine

2. Steam engine

3. Electric engine

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Earliest boat used by the people in ancient India.

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The first passenger train became operational in 1859 in Allahabad and Kanpur, in India.

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The first train was introduced in India in 1853.It ran between Mumbai and Thane for a distance of 30 kilometres.

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Air transport is preferred for high value, perishable and light weight goods. These goods need special care and so airways are the best means of transport for these goods.

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Railways as a means of transport are suited for bulky materials over long distances within a country. It was first brought in India by the British.

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1.         Roadways are the cheapest means of transport.

2.         They are also the fastest means of transport for short distances.

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James Watt improved the Steam engine. He attached rail coaches to the steam engine and that was how first train was invented.

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The first steam engine came into use in the eighteenth century.

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There are mainly four types of gauges used in railways:

1.         Narrow gauge

2.         Broad gauge

3.         Standard Gauge

4.         Metre Gauge

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The modern means of transport include:

1.         Rail

2.         Airplane

3.         Cars

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In earlier times, boats were used as a means of transport through waterways.

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Earlier, people could only move on their own to travel from one place to another. They used to carry goods either on their own or on their animal’s backs.

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Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru was the first Prime Minister of independent India.

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Sir John Simon headed the Simon Commission.

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Gandhiji called off the Non-Cooperation movement after the Chauri Chaura incident. In 1922, the people participating in the movement in Chauri Chaura, in Uttar Pradesh, became violent and set fire to a police station. Gandhiji considered it as a failure of the movement and called it off.

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Apart from the common people, the following leaders also supported Gandhiji’s Non-Cooperation Movement actively:

·       Dr. Rajendra Prasad

·       Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

·       Sarojini Naidu

·       C. Rajagopalachari

·       Maulana Azad

·       Chittaranjan Das

·       Motilal Nehru

·       Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru

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Gandhiji’s method of struggle for Indian independence was known as ‘Satyagraha’. It was based on truth and non-violence. He firmly believed in non-violence and thought it to be a strong weapon to succeed in any fight against the British.

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Some of the popular revolutionaries of India are:

·       Bhagat Singh

·       Rajguru

·       Sukhdev

·       Chandrashekar Azad

·       B.K. Dutt

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Some of the famous quotes of Mahatma Gandhi are:

“An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind.”

“There is no God higher than the truth.”

“Strength does not come from physical capacity. It comes from an indomitable will.”

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Gandhiji’s three monkeys symbolise his three principles. These are:

1.         Hear no evil

2.         Speak no evil

3.         See no evil

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The Rowlatt Act was passed in March 1919. As per this act, the British Government had the authority and power to arrest people and keep them in prison, without any trial, if they were suspected of being involved in terrorist activities.

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The main aim of the Lucknow Pact of 1916 was to force the British government to be more liberal towards Indians.

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The Lucknow Pact of 1916 was an agreement between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim league. It was headed by Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

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Congress demanded ‘Purna Swaraj’ inthe 1929 session, which was held in Lahore. This session was headed by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru.

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In 1930, Gandhiji launched a massive Civil Disobedience movement. During this movement, Indians refused to pay taxes, especially the tax on salt.

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Gandhiji launched the Non-cooperation movement against the British after the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. This massacre shocked the entire nation. In it, thousands of Indians were killed on the orders of General Dyer.

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Gandhiji protested against the Rowlatt Act because according to this act, the British could arrest anyone without a trial. However, Gandhiji thought it was unfair to implement this act on every one just because of some people. So, he opposed the Rowlatt Act.

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After returning to India in 1915, Gandhiji travelled to the various parts of the country. He did this because wanted to know more about the people of the country.

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Gandhiji marched to Dandi as he had organised a peaceful march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi to start a Civil Disobedience Movement against the ‘Salt law’ passed by the British.

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Quit India movement was a civil disobedience movement that was launched in August, 1942. Through this movement, Gandhiji called for immediate independence. People were asked to follow the slogan ‘Do or Die’ for the freedom of their country. The British tried to suppress the movement but failed miserably.

In 1945, after the Second World War, the British accepted the fact that they could no longer rule India. It was the final step towards India’s independence.

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Answer:May Vary

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The Gandhi-Irwin Pact of 1931 was an agreement between Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin, the then Viceroy of India. This pact marked the end of the period of Civil Disobedience in India against the British rule.

Gandhiji put several conditions before the British government but only a few were agreed upon. These included the withdrawal of regulations, release of political prisoners and manufacture of salt, etc.

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Communication means, the exchange of information by speaking, writing, or using some other medium.

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FM broadcasting provides us High fidelity sound over the broadcast radio.

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The television was invented by John Logie Baird in 1926.

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An Indian scientist Jagdish Chandra Bose was the first person to show that radio signals could be sent over long distances.

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The first Indian Post Office was established on October 1 in 1837.

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Abraham Graham Bell invented telephone in the year 1876.

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Humans communicate with each other to know and share needs, feelings, knowledge, interests and ideas.

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Radio is one of the modern means of mass communication. It brought the revolution in the communication technology. The Italian scientist Guglielmo Marconi improved the work of Indian scientist J.C Bose and invented radio. These days broadcasting technology mainly used for radio signals is FM broadcasting. It provides high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio.

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Telegram is one of the oldest modes of written communication. It is a 163 years old service which is no more in use these days. It was considered as the fastest and expensive mode of written communication in earlier days.

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Postal services are the physical transportation of the messages and parcels from one place to another. It can be private as well as public. Sending messages were made easier and convenient through postcards. It is a successful mode of written communication.

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Birds such as pigeons and eagles were domesticated and trained to carry written messages over long distances in earlier times. Rock pigeons were commonly used for this purpose. Other than this the personal messenger or foot messengers were also used to send messages from one person to another.

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There are different ways of communication such as personal and mass communication. Personal communication takes place between two individuals; mass communication takes place among a group of people.

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1.         Braille

2.         Paper

3.         In the year 1450

4.         Seals, Indus Valley Civilization

5.         Devanagri Script

6.         Louis Braille, France

7.         Types

8.         Paper

9.         Sumerians of Mesopotamia

10.      Speaking & Writing

11.      Egyptians

12.      Chinese

13.      Pattern of small dots

14.      Script

15.      Hindu-Arabic system

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Ethyl alcohol is one of the examples of an antiseptic.

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Ether is an anesthetic agent.

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Tuberculosis is a bacterial disease.

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Stethoscope is the instrument used by doctors to listen to heartbeats and lung sounds.

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Surgery is the process of opening the body to operate on an affected organ.

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With the help of microscope, scientists were able to see for the first time, germs that caused diseases. Therefore, it became possible to develop medicines to cure diseases by killing those germs.

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Smallpox was a viral disease that ranked amongst the most devastating illnesses suffered by human kind. Till twentieth century, around 300 million people had died because of this disease.

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Answers:

1.  Sati, child marriage, caste system, killing of female babies.

2.  A.O.Hume

3.  The Radical group

4.  72

5.  Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale & WC Bonerjee

6.  In 1885

7.  Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak & Bipin Chandra Pal

8.  Swadeshi & Boycott movement

9.  Kesari

10.  To divide the people of Bengal who were fighting against the British rule in India

11.  In 1915.

12.  The partition of Bengalwas announced in 1905.

13.  To speak against the British & to arouse the feeling of patriotism among Indians.

14.  In 1911

15.  The Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon.

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Independence movement

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1876

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1858

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Tantia Tope, Nana Sahib, Rani Lakshmi Bai and Liaquat Ali.

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Bahadur Shah Zafar