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Hindus , Muslims

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His kingdom would automatically be taken over by the British.

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Handloom Industry.

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Cotton & Indigo

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Lord Robert Clive defeated the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-  Daula.

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1757

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Spices and textiles.

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In the year 1600.

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Vasco da Gama.

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Exquisite spices, beautiful silk, gold and pearls.

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Subhash Chandra Bose was the leader of the Indian National Army.

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General Dyer was responsible for the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.

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Gandhiji launched a movement to oppose the Rowlatt Act in 1919.

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The Civil Disobedience Movement began in early 1930s under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. The movement involved breaking of the ‘Salt Law’, refusal to pay taxes and avoidance of offices by officials and schools by students. The impact of the Civil Disobedience Movement soon spread throughout India.

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Several conditions were laid down under the Gandhi–Irwin Pact 1931. Some of these are as follows:

1.         Discontinuation of civil disobedience movement by the Indian National Congress

2.         Withdrawal of ordinances issued by the British government

3.         Withdrawal of all prosecutions relating to different types of offences

4.         Release of all the prisoners arrested for participation in the Civil Disobedience movement

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After returning to India, Gandhiji travelled all over the country. He was shocked to see the poor conditions of the people. Thus, he decided to fight against the English and also against some of the social and religious practices. He asked people not to obey the unjust laws made by the British government.

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Gandhiji started the Swadeshi movement. This movement involved the following:

·       Boycott of British goods

·       Boycott of British Courts

·       Resignations of Indians working for British government

·       Withdrawal of children studying in British schools.

This movement promoted the use of Indian clothes, i.e., ‘Khadi’ and Indian handicrafts.

All this was done peacefully and without violence.

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On 13th April 1919, a public meeting was being held at Jallianwala Bagh, in Amritsar. This meeting was attended by about 10,000 people. Without giving any warning to the crowd, General Dyer ordered his soldiers to open fire. Hundreds of people, including women and children, were killed and there were about 1,516 casualties. This gruesome act shocked the entire nation and was condemned and protested by all Indian leaders.

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Khilafat movement was a political movement; that was started by the Muslims in 1919 to influence the British.

After the World War I, the power of the Sultan of Turkey was greatly reduced. Many Turkish territories were taken away from him. This angered the Muslims even in India and they started the Khilafat Movement against the British.

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The Indian National Congress (INC) was founded by A.O Hume in the year 1885.

Within a few years of its formation, INC became active in the independence movement.

By 1907, the party had split into two groups– the Moderates and the Extremists; differentiated by their attitude towards the British.

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Answer may vary.

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They clean floors or roads.

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Sweeper

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Answers may vary.

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Answers may vary.

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In order to give dignity to the workers, we celebrate Labour Day on the first of May every year.

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The purpose of Langar is to uphold the principle of equality.

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People from different backgrounds, caste and religion cook and eat together under one roof. They also wash the utensils together.

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Langar means common kitchen.

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Guru Nanak Dev started the Langar system.

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We should do as much cleaning as we can do. We must also throw waste directly into the garbage bins and we should pick up litter in public places.

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It is our duty to treat every worker with dignity. We must always greet them with a smile.

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Improving the working conditions in each occupation, is a way of giving dignity to the workers.

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Under the Self Employment Scheme for Rehabilitation of Manual Scavengers, government provides assistance to the manual scavengers to work as a fruit vendor, barber, tailor, auto rickshaw driver etc.

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Self Employment Scheme for Rehabilitation of Manual Scavengers.

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The government has taken steps to improve the working conditions of manual scavengers.

The government provides different kinds of training and schemes to these workers, this process is called 'rehabilitation'.

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Driver

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House maid

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If various labourersstop working for us, our environment will become extremely dirty. This in turn will give rise to flies, mosquitoes, rats etc., which will spread diseases.

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Manual scavengers keep the environment clean for us, even though they are looked down upon by many amongst us.

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Human scavengers are a group of people who collect human excreta and throw it at a safe place. They also clean the sewers.

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Even today, there are many people who are looked down upon due to their occupations. Human scavengers are one of them.

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Mahatma Gandhi was able to motivate many people to do menial jobs themselves however; the sad truth about India is that people like Gandhiji alone cannot change society.

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Mahatma Gandhi established the dignity of labour in our society through his own examples.

Everyone at Gandhiji's ashram washed their own utensils, their clothes and even washed toilets. Gandhiji too did everything himself.

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Mahatma Gandhi had always been a great supporter of dignity of labour. He is well known not only in India but all over the world. Many people around the world follow his teachings.

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The person shown is a milk man who brings us milk every day.

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If an engineer builds a house, the housemaid helps us to keep that same house clean.

So we must respect and understand the importance of their duties that means respecting the dignity of labour.

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If a doctor gives treatment for malaria, the garbage collector helps us to prevent malaria by throwing away the garbage through which mosquitoes breed.

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These people are very important in our lives as they help to make our lives easier.

They deserve respect from everyone.

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Pesticides are the chemicals which are used to remove weeds and pests from crop fields.

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M.S. Swaminathan started the Green Revolution in India.

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Molasses are obtained by boiling raw sugar cane juice.

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The Trusteeship Council of the UN aids in freeing lands under colonial rule. It takes care of the people until these territories become free. It ensures that the people living in these areas get proper education, social and political rights and economic well-being.

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The Secretary General of the United Nations is a powerful person. He is appointed for five years. The main duties of the Secretary General are related to the day-to-day work of the United Nations. He acts as an officer in all the meetings of the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council and Trusteeship Council.

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Some of the achievements of the United Nations are as follows:

·                               It has prevented further World Wars.

·                               It has preserved and promoted peace and harmony in the world.

·                               It has prevented wars between countries.

·                               It has succeeded in reducing poverty, literacy and diseases.

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Saudi Arabia is known as the birthplace of Islam. Many pilgrimage try to make Hajj trip to Mecca at least once during their lifetime.

Mecca is the holiest centre of the pilgrimage for the Muslims.

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Answer: With the money earned from exports, government has taken many initiatives to improve the standard of living of the people like building houses, streets and bridges.

• Towns and cities have all modern facilities

• A large number of schools and colleges have been opened to provide modern education.

• The country has banks, foreign exchange houses and gold jewellery shops

• Supermarkets, engineering firms and cafeterias have developed in the country

• The new cities have all the ultra modern facilities and super highways, port facilities, high-rise buildings.

• Modern utility services are provided in the old cities as well

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The important industries are as follows:

• Saudi Arabia is the world’s largest producer of desalinated water, 33 plants produce nearly 2 million cubic meters of fresh water from the sea.

• The wealth comes from being one of the largest producer and exporter of petroleum in the world.

• Industries include engineering firms, petro-chemicals, petroleum refining, fertilizers, cement, iron and steel industry have developed.

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Wheat, rice, alfalfa, vegetables and dates are the main agricultural crops of Saudi Arabia.

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1Agree

2. Agree

3. Disagree (Jeddah and Riyadh)

4.Disagree (Saudi Arabia)

5.Agree

6. Agree

7. Agree

8.Disagree (Bedouin)

9. Disagree (Riyadh)

10. Agree

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1. Saudi Arabia

2.Abha

3. Red

4. An-Nafud

5. Camel

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Democratic Republic of Congo is the third largest country of Africa.

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Lubumbashi

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Democratic Republic of Congo became independent in 1960.

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Kinshasa

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DRC stands for Democratic Republic of Congo.

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River Congo is the major means of transport in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Most of the people of this country live in villages by the river, which acts as their major source of livelihood. Congo River flows through most of the country and plays a major role in improving its economy.

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In some parts of Democratic Republic of Congo, mostly in the South, where the climate is not so hot and wet, the vegetation consists of grasslands instead of dense forests. These grasslands with short trees are called savannah.

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Most of the Democratic Republic of Congo is covered with tropical rainforestsbecause the climate in DRC is very hot and humid. This type of climate is idle for trees and other plants to grow quickly. Most of these trees are tall and form a canopy of leaves at the top and support the growth of climbers and shrubs. Hence, leading to dense vegetation.

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May vary

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DRC is surrounded by the following nine countries:

·                   To the North lies the Central African Republic and Sudan

·                   To the East lies Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and Tanzania

·                   To the South lies Zambia and Angola

·                   To the West lies the Republic of Congo

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The Democratic Republic of Congo is located in Central Africa. It is the third largest country of the continent Africa. The whole country is more or less based near river Congo, which acts as the lifeline of the nation.

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Bajra, Ragi and Jowar

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Cotton, coffee and tea

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Thereare two types of crops: Food crops and cash crops. Food crops are grown to provide food to the people,for example, wheat, rice, maize, etc.

Cash crops are grown to be sold in the market, for example, coffee, tea, jute, etc.

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High-yielding variety seeds have played a vital role in improving agriculture. They are also called ‘miracle seeds’ as they give a high yield and are not easily destroyed by insects.

The use of these seeds has made it possible to produce more food production from the same land.

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Growing different crops, one after another, on the same piece of land in different seasons is called ‘Crop rotation’. Each crop has different nutrient  requirement. Crop rotation prevents the depletion of nutrients from the soil.

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The various components of green revolution are:

a) use of high-yielding variety seeds

b) Increased use of fertilisers and irrigation

c) Introduction of new techniques and machinery

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Legumes are primarily used as cover crops. They are grown in soil after cultivation to increase the fertility of soil. Most common cover crops are cowpea, cluster bean, Sun hemp, etc.

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Non-decomposed material used as compost is called green manure. It is obtained in the following manner:

·       by growing  cover crops

·       by collecting green leaves (along with twigs) from plants grown in wastelands, fieldsand forests

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While growing crops, farmers face the following problems:

1.         Unexpected monsoon  They act as a hindrance to farming.

2.         Irregular electricity: It hampers the process of farming.

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Generally, all farmers are illiterate and traditional in their outlook. Hence, they feel more comfortable in growing crops by using traditional farming practices. As a result, they resist adopting new farming technologies.

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Farmers are not able to meet their daily needs of food because their land holdings are very small. On that small piece of land, they are not able to produce enough to feed their entire family.

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It is a commercial system of farming; characterised by the cultivation of a single cash crop, on a large scale. Examples of this type of farming are tea plantations in Assam, coffee plantations in Kerala, etc.

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It is a farming method in which crop production is combined with the rearing of livestock. Mostly, in mixed farming, cows and buffaloes are reared in farms with crop production.

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Agriculture is a primary activity. It consists of growing crops, fruits, vegetables, flowers and rearing of livestock.

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There are mainly four farming practices used by farmers. These are:

1.         Subsistence farming

2.         Mixed farming

3.         Organic farming

4.         Commercial farming

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Organic farming is an environment friendly method of farming. It employs the use of green manure, crop rotation and bio-fertilisers to maintain the soil’s productivity.

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Watering of agricultural fields using water from wells, tube wells, lakes and dams is called irrigation. Nowadays, sprinklers and other modern methods of irrigation are also used by farmers to water their crop fields.

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There are two types of fertilisers: Natural fertilisers and chemical fertilisers.

Natural fertilisers are rich in organic matter whereas chemical fertilisers are rich in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Natural fertilisers are environment friendly; on the other hand, chemical fertilisers are comparatively less beneficial to the environment as they release chemicals in the soil which affects the growth of crops in the field.

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Watering agricultural fields using water from wells, tube wells, lakes and dams is called irrigation. Some farmers employ traditional methods of irrigation, like drawing water from wells with the help of pulleys and animals. These are cheap methods and do not require any electricity. However, they lead to the wastage of a lot of time and energy.

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Green revolution has revolutionised the field of agriculture. It employs the usage of high yielding variety seeds, good-quality fertilisers, modern methods of irrigation and new techniques and machinery to increase farm production. Thereby, leading to increased food production worldwide.

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Kayak is a boat that is used for transporting and hunting animals in Greenland.

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‘Huskies’ are used for pulling sledges.

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Nuuk is the capital of Greenland.

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Eric, the Red, discovered Greenland in the tenth century.

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An iceberg is a huge block of ice floating in the sea. They are formed when huge pieces of ice break away from the glaciers. Icebergs are very dangerous for ships passing through the region as they are often not visible due to thick fog.

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Eighty per cent of the people living in Greenland are Eskimos or Inuits. They are short in height and have squat bodies. They are often called Greenlanders and usually speak Greenlandic or Danish languages.

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Inuits are the native people of Greenland. They wear clothes made of animal skin and fur and live in houses made of snow. Their major occupation is hunting.