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Don’t let rainwater go off. Capture it and save it for cleaning and watering the plants. This is called rainwater harvesting. When rain falls on the roofs of the buildings, it must be allowed to flow into a deep hole in the ground. It will add to the ground water level.This water can be used for washing, cleaning and for growing crops.

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Advantages:

Dams help in generation of electricity. They control flood. Dams solve the problem of shortage of water.

Disadvantages:

Construction of a dam forces people to move away from the areas near a river.

It destroys the habitats of animal and plant life.

The digging up of a reservoir makes the earth’s crust weak and prone to earthquakes.

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Tidal forests are found in deltas of rivers Ganga, Mahanadi and Godavari.

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Tribes worship trees and hence their religion and customs depend heavily on forests.

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Plants that grow naturally in an environment are called natural vegetation.

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Buttonwood, Mangrove palm and Sundari trees are found in the forests of Sundarbans.

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Sundarbans is the largest delta of the world formed by rivers Ganga and Brahmaputra in West Bengal.

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Delta is a triangular landform of sediment deposited at the mouth of rivers.

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Fir, Deodar and Spruce trees are found in coniferous forests. 

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Keekar, Cactus and Babool trees are found in thorn forests.

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Wood pulp is used for making paper on which we read and write.

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Southern plateau is located in the southern part of India between Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats.

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Rubber, gum, cork, resins, etc.

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Tree trunks are used to make timber.

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A forest is a large area covered with plants and trees.

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Bonda tribe belongs to Odisha.

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a.)      Kenya: Masai

b.)      Odisha: Banda

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Communities and tribes that live in forests get their food, fuel, timber, shelter and other basic necessities from forests.

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Trees of thorn forests are short in height and thorny. Their thorns prevent loss of water and protect them from grazing animals also.

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In India, thorn forests are commonly found in Deccan plateau areas, such as Rajasthan and Gujarat.

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A forest consisting entirely or mainly of evergreen trees like pine, cedar, fir, etc., that remain green throughout the year is called an evergreen forest.

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Forests provide food and shelter to a wide variety of wild animals like lions, leopards, elephants, deer, monkeys, birds, etc.

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Various parts of differentherbs like tulsi and menthol, and trees like neem and babool found in forests are a good source of medicines for various ailments.  Aloe Vera and Indian gooseberry are the other important medicinal plants found in forests.

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A forest which is characterised by trees that seasonally shed their leaves especially during dry season are called deciduous forests.  In India deciduous forests are found in Shivalik foothills and Chota Nagpur Plateau.

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Forests are an important natural resource because they provide us many products like timber, herbs, rubber, etc., that are used in day-to-day life. Moreover, they play an important role in maintaining the balance in nature.

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Forests help in maintaining the balance in nature by:

1.)  Preventing soil erosion and therefore, checking floods.

2.)  Maintaining constant and large amount of oxygen supply.

3.)  Increasing the rainfall.

4.)  Providing food and shelter to large variety of animals.

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Tribes pay tribute to trees by worshiping them during every important feasts and festivities. On the arrival of spring they welcome and celebrate the revived greenery of plants, and chirping birds through music and dance.

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West Bengal

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coffee

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Punjab

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Iron and steel is produced in large scale industries.

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Nearly two third of the population of India is engaged in agriculture.

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HINTS:

Wheat staple food of North India

Rice staple food of South India

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Kaziranga and Manas National Park in Assam and Namdapha National Park in Arunachal Pradesh

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Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and Assam

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1. Bhakra Nangal

2. Ganges

3. Haridwar

4.Three

5.Greek

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1. Majuli

2.One horned rhino

3. Gangotri

4. Tsangpo

5. Brahmaputra 6. Textile

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National Waterway 1

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National Waterway 2

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Sunderban Delta

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Sundari

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Susuk

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Triangular

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Delhi, Ludhiana, Chandigarh, Allahabad, Kanpur, Lucknow, Patna and Kolkata

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Rice, wheat, sugarcane, jute, jowar and bajra

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Alluvial plains

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The animal shown in the image is Royal Bengal tiger.

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7 lakh sq. km

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2,400 km in length and 150-320 km in width

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Majuli

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Shipki La gorge

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The Sutlej, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra

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Mumbai

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Agree

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Bihar

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Deciduous forests

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Karnataka‘s capital, Bengaluru, is both the ‘garden city’ and ‘silicon capital’ of India.

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The place shown in the picture is Tirupati Balaji temple. It attracts millions of Hindu devotees from across India.

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The state is very rich in coal, iron ore and so the mining industry is well developed.

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Chhattisgarh is a newly formed state with Raipur as its capital.

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The state is thickly forested and has famous wildlife sanctuaries home to the tiger like Bandhavgarh and kanha.

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Large numbers of software firms are located in Bangalore. Aeroplane manufacturing, watches and other electronic industries are well developed. Beautiful silk sarees are woven in this state. The coffee, teak and sandalwood plantations are important for the economy of the state.

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The people of Tamil Nadu speak Tamil, one of the oldest and most developed languages of India. Tamilians attach great importance to the wearing of the sacred thread by the Brahmins and Mangalsutra (a special necklace) by women after marriage.

 Many men wear the religious mark over their forehead- known as the Tilak (vermilion)

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Pongal is the popular harvest festival of Tamil Nadu. Pongal marks the auspicious beginning of uttaravan – the Sun’s journey northwards. Pongal festival lasts for four days. Celebrations include drawing of Kolam, swinging, and cooking of delicious Pongal. As India is a land where agriculture is the main occupation , changes in season plays a very important role for Indian farmers. Their lifestyles and celebrations are always linked to the seasonal landmarks in a year.

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South Indian cuisine is perhaps the hottest of all Indian food. Meals are centered on rice or rice-based dishes. Accompanying rice are Sambaar (a lentil soup spiced with curry leaves, onion & chillies) and rasam (a hot-sour soup like lentil dish), dry and curried vegetables and meat dishes and a host of coconut-based chutneys and papads. South Indians are great lovers of filter coffee.

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Karnataka is the land of the 17m statue of Jain Saint Gomateshwara and of the enchaining sculptural wealth of Belur and Halebid, of the historical ruins of Hampi and monuments of Bijapur. Karnataka possesses a rich cultural heritage. The folk theatre has an ancient and rich tradition, the two main forms being ‘Yakshagana’ which is similar to Kathakali of Kerala in the choice of its elaborate costumes and vigorous dancing.

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The Thar Desert lies in the northwest part of India and spreads over 2,00,000 square kilometer. Most of its part lies in Rajasthan and extends into the southern part of Haryana and Punjab and into Northern Gujarat too.

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Animals of the Thar Desert have evolved excellent survival strategies owing to the harsh weather conditions that the place has. Most of them are smaller in size than other similar animals. They remain active during night and sleep in the daytime.

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The Indira Gandhi Canal has been a blessing for the people living in the Thar Desert as it carries water from the snow-fed river Sutlej. This helps people to grow wheat, maize and millets.

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The Thar Desert is famous for its cities such as Jaislamer, Jaipur and Bikaner which have amazing forts and palaces. These forts and palaces are famous for the beautiful architecture.

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Dust storms are winds blowing at a very high speed. The Thar Desert often experiences dust storms blowing at a speed of 140-150 km/hr.

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At some places, water comes out naturally from beneath the Earth and these areas are known as oases. These oases can be cultivated.

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Black soil

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Tableland

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Central Highlands

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Satpura Range

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Malwa Plateau and the Chotanagpur Plateau

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Aravallis

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Deccan Plateau

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Central Highlands

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The given waterfall is Jog falls.

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Narmada River

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Thar Desert

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The Eastern Ghats

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The Western Ghats

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The Southern Plateau

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The Jog falls on the Sharavati river in Karnataka is the highest waterfall in India. Nagarjuna Sagar Dam is one of the biggest dams here used for storing water and providing electricity. 

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The entire Deccan plateau slopes towards the East. This is why all the rivers like Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri drain into the Bay of Bengal. Only two major rivers Narmada and Tapti drain into the Arabian Sea.

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This region gets good amount of rainfall and has  a thick forest with Teak and Sal trees. Chotanagpur plateau also has lot of mineral deposits like coal, iron ore, aluminium, manganese and many more.

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The Chotanagpur region is very large and covers parts of Jharkhand, Orissa, Bihar and Chhattisgarh.

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The Western Ghats are higher and continuous as compared to the Eastern Ghats. The highest peak of Western Ghats is Annaimudi, while Mahendragiri is the highest peak of Eastern Ghats. The Western Ghat region is noted for its variety in flora and fauna. Culinary spices have been cultivated in Kerala and neighbouring regions from ancient times and they are a characteristic of this part of India.

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Lungi and kurta

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Punjab

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Chandigarh

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Flat land

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Rock gardens is a famous tourist spot of Chandigarh.  It is made up of waste materials like: broken crockery, pieces of tiles, broken glass, discarded furniture, electrical fittings, discarded building materials, etc.

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Some important landmark buildings and monuments of Delhi are:

·       Rashtrapati Bhawan

·       The Parliament House

·       The Supreme Court

·       Jama Masjid

·       Red Fort

·       Qutub Minar

·       Purana Qila

·       Tughlaqabad fort

·       Humayun's tomb

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Kumbh Mela is an important festival celebrated after every 12 years in the holy city of Sangam (Allahabad) in UP.  A large number of Hindu devotees assemble in the city to take holy dip in Sangam, where three rivers, Ganga, Yamuna and Saraswati meet.