SOLUTION

Data types are means to identify the type of data and associated operations of handling it. its size and range vary with processor and c++compiler.

SOLUTION

Letters,symbols etc are characters and are represented in memory by number codes.

SOLUTION

Characters refer to letters, digits, symbls, nongraphic characters etc. ASCII codes stores number codes for 256 known characters.

SOLUTION

Data can be of many types, any data that is enclosed in double quotes represents a string.

SOLUTION

letters, digits, symbols and nongraphic characters etc. together form characters.

SOLUTION

Data types are means to identify the type of data and associated operations of handling it.

SOLUTION

Output can be formatted by manipulators, setw( ) is one of the manipulator offered by C++.

SOLUTION

User defined data type are the data types that are derived from fundamental data types(i.e int, char, float, double and void).

SOLUTION

Build in data type are the data types that are derived from fundamental data types(i.e int, char, float, double and void).

SOLUTION

A variable has two associated values: (1) rvalue: which is data value. (2) lvalue: which is location value or memory address.

SOLUTION

The void type specifies an empty set of values. It is used as the return type for functions that do not return a value.

SOLUTION

modifiers are used to alter the meaning of the base type. The list of modifiers are: (1) signed (2) unsigned (3) long (4) short

SOLUTION

The char type is really another integer type. It represent the basic character set (letters, digits, punctuation etc.)

SOLUTION

An array is a collection of variables of the same type that are referenced by a common name.

There are two types of arrays -

(i) Single-Dimensional Array - An array with only one dimension and comprised of finite homogeneous elements.

(ii) Multi-Dimensional Array - An array with more than one dimension where each element is itself an array. Two-dimensional array is one of the simplest form of multi-dimensional array.

SOLUTION

An array of strings is a two-dimensional character array. The size of first index(rows) determines the number of strings and the size of second index(columns) determines maximum length of each string.

The following code declares an array of 10 strings, each of which can hold maximum 15 valid characters -

char strings[10][15];

SOLUTION

The formula to be used here is -
Total bytes=sizeof (base-type) * size of the array

Therefore the total number of bytes will be,

= 4 * 10

= 40 bytes

SOLUTION

void main() {

        char str1[10],str2[10],str3[20];

        int i,k,x1;

        cout<<”Enter first string: n”;

        cin.getline(str1,10);

        cout<<”Enter second string: n”;

        cin.getline(str2,10);

        for(i=0; str1[i] != ‘0’; ++i)    //Concatenation

              str3[i] = str1[i];            //Copy first string      

        for(k=0; str2[k]!= ‘0’; ++k)

              str3[i+k] = str2[k];      //Copy second string 

       str3[i + k] = ‘0’;               //Put the null character

       x1 = strlen(str3);

       cout<<”n The concatenated string is: n”;

       cout.write(str3,x1);

SOLUTION

void main()
{
int i,j,n=5;
int sum=0;int x[5][5];
for(i=0;i< n;i++)
for(j=0;j< n;j++)
cin >>x[i][j];
if(i==j)
sum=sum+x[i][j];
cout<<"Sum of the diagonal elements of the matrix is ="< }

SOLUTION

C++ provides the facility to skip the size of an array at the time of initialization. In such 
cases, C++ automatically calculates the size of the array on the basis of its type and dimension.

Some Example of unsized array are -

(i)   int total[ ] = {5,6,7,1} 

(ii) char S[ ]= "the string is" 

(iii) int cube[ ][2] 

SOLUTION

Generally speaking, a vector is frequently represented by a line segment connecting the initial point A with the terminal point B.where both length and direction is known.

In C++ it is represented as
X=[x₁,x₂,x₃,……x_n]

A matrix with one row (column) may be viewed as a vector and similarly, a vector may be viewed as a matrix with one row (column).

SOLUTION

C++ provides the facility of array initialization at the time of declaration. The arrays are initialized in the same way as other variables are. The general form of array initialization is as shown below -

type array-name[size 1].....[size N] = {value list};

In sized array initialization we mention the size of the array. For Ex -

int A[5] = {2,4,3,78,31};

In unsized array initialization we can skip the size of the array. Here compiler automatically calculates the size of the array. For Ex-

int A[ ] = {2,4,3,78,31};

SOLUTION

Single-dimensional arrays are stored as contiguous memory locations in the in order of their index.
A character array requires 1 byte for each character. In the same way an integer array requires 2 bytes to store each element of the array.

The amount of storage required to hold an array is directly related to its type and size.

Some of the properties of one-dimensional arrays are -

(i)  Homogeneous

(ii) Contiguous

(iii) Ordered or Indexed

SOLUTION

A two-dimensional array is the simplest form of multi-dimensional array in which each element is an array. The general form of a two-dimensional array declaration is as follows -

type array-name[rows] [columns];

Example -

int sales[5][12];

Program to read sales of 5 salesmen in 12 months and to print total sales made by each salesman -

#include < iostream.h>

#include < conio.h>

void main()

{

clrscr();

int sales[5][12];

int i,j,total;

for(i=0;i<5;i++)

{

total = 0;

cout<<" n Enter sales for salesman"<

for(j=0;j<12;j++)

{

cout<<"Month"<

cin>>sales[i][j];

total=total + sales[i][j];

}

cout<<"n";

cout<<"Total sales of salesman"<

}

getch();

}

SOLUTION

A single-dimensional array is an array of only one dimension. The general form of declaration of a single-dimensional array is -

type array-name[size];

where,

type - specifies the base-type or data-type of the array

array-name - specifies the name of the array

size - specifies the total number of elements of the array.

Example - int A[10];

The above statement declares a single-dimension array A which can hold 10 integer type variables.

A two-dimensional array is an array in which each element is itself an array. The syntax to declare a two-dimensional array is -

type array-name[row-size][column-size];

where,

type - specifies the base-type or data-type of the array

array-name - specifies the name of the array

row-size - specifies the number of rows

column-size - specifies the number of columns

Example - int A[3][3];

The above statement declares a two-dimensional array "A" which can hold 9 integer type variables in the form of rows and columns.

SOLUTION

The diagonal elements of matrix X[p][q] are:

1^st diagonal : A_00, A_11, A_{22, . . . ,} A_p-1,p-1

2^nd diagonal : A_0q-1, A_1q-2, A_{2q-3, . . . ,} A_p-1q-p+1

The code fragment for this is as follows:

cout<<”The square of first diagonal elements n”;

for(int i=0; i< p; i++)

cout<<”n”<< A[i][i] * A[i][i];

cout<<”n The squares of second diagonal elements (off diagonal) elements n”;

for(i=0; i< p; i++)

SOLUTION

A reference has to be properly initialized, otherwise it will result in an error. In C++ , special care is taken for assignment of void pointers to other pointer types. While, we can assign a pointer of any type to a void pointer but, the reverse is not true until, we do explicit typecasting.

SOLUTION

The code is  legal in C++ but not in C. Unions, which do not have a class name, they are anonymous union.

SOLUTION

A pointer points to the address of a variable. It cannot be used as integers.

SOLUTION

It will print this is end because if condition is wrong hence the else part is executed.

SOLUTION

A structure is declared using keyword struct. Example 
struct names
 { int class;
int rollno;
float marks;
char grade;
};

SOLUTION

Basic real constant is an optional sign, an integer part, a decimal point and a fractional part. Commas(,) are not allowed in real constant.

SOLUTION

The setw( ) manipulator sets the width of the field assigned for output. It takes the size of the field as a parameter.

SOLUTION

'n' and endl manipulator sends a new line character 'n', but endl also flushes the output buffer whereas, 'n' does not flush the output buffer.

SOLUTION

While declaring an array we declare its type,name and size. The syntax of declaring an array is type name[size];

SOLUTION

A matrix with one row(column) may be viewed as a vector and similarly, a vector may be viewed as a matrix with one row(column).

SOLUTION

sizeof(base type) * size of array

SOLUTION

sizeof(int) returns the size of int data type (in bytes) on a system. An integer variable needs two bytes.

SOLUTION

An array is a collection of variables of same type that are referenced by a common name.

SOLUTION

Total bytes = number_of_rows  number_of_columns  sizeof(base type).

SOLUTION

A vector in C++ can represent only integers and floating-point numbers.

SOLUTION

int arr[5] = {12,10,6,15,8};

SOLUTION

The following statement declares and initializes a multidimensional character array –

char menu[4][5][1]={“MEAN”, ”VARIANCE’’, “QUIT”---};

SOLUTION

A multi dimensional array is an array which comprises of many elements each of which is itself an array. A multi-dimensional arrays are the arrays of more than one dimension.

SOLUTION

The following statement will declare a string "chemical" and initialize it with the value “CH6H2O6H20” -

char chemical[20]="CH6H2O6H2O";

SOLUTION

float currency[ ]={0.10,0.25,0.50,1.25};

SOLUTION

An array element is accessed by its array name and index number.

SOLUTION

The element numbers within [ ] are called subscripts or indices. It specifies the position of the elements in an array and it cannot be negative.

SOLUTION

C++ does not have a string data type rather it implements strings as single-dimensional character arrays. A string is defined as a character array that is terminated by a null character ‘0’.

SOLUTION

The above mentioned code segment will calculate the sum of the following matrix

5 4 3
8 2 7
5 2 1

and displays the sum as 37.

SOLUTION

A matrix is a mathematical tool. It is a set of mn numbers arranged in the form of a rectangular array of m rows and n columns.

The elements which are available at the diagonal of a matrix are known as diagonal elements.

The diagonal elements of the matrix A are
1, 5 and 9.

SOLUTION

a) char str[25];
b) int digit={3,5,6,9,1};

SOLUTION

The (i) and (ii) statements are valid whereas the (iii) statement is invalid as the size of an array cannot be defined as 0-10.

The correct form is -

int num[11];

SOLUTION

            matrix A              matrix B                        result matrix c

             1 2 3               9 8 7                                  10 10 10
             4 5 6               6 5 4                                  10 10 10

             7 8 9               3 2 1                                  10 10 10

C[i][j]=A[i][j] + B[i][j]

SOLUTION

modifiers are used to alter the meaning of the base type. The list of modifiers are: (1) signed (2) unsigned (3) long (4) short

SOLUTION

In C++, a variable can be declared in three ways: (1) Uninitialized variable e.g. int val; (2) Initialized variable e.g. int val =5; (3) Dynamically initialized variable e.g. int val = b*c;

SOLUTION

An l or L suffix indicates it is long integer conatant. Thus 35L is a long integer constant.

SOLUTION

According to rules of reference, there can be no references to reference, no arrays of reference, and no pointers to reference.

SOLUTION

All the above three are float types, float contain 4 byte, double contain 8 byte, long double contain 10 byte.

SOLUTION

C++ offers two types of two types of data types: (1) Fundamental data types. (2) Derived data types.

SOLUTION

There are four integer types: (1) char (2) int (3) short (4) long

SOLUTION

Identifier identify the type of data that a variable must hold, for floating point data we use float identifier.

SOLUTION

Pointeris a variable that holds a memory address. A pointer declaration consists of a base type, an *(asterisk), and  the variable name. e.g. type *ptr;

SOLUTION

Integer data types are used to store integer values and has no concerned with fractional part.

SOLUTION

Derived data type are derived from fundamental data types(int , char, float, double, and void).

SOLUTION

A reference variable proviodes an alias for a previously defined variable. A reference declaration consist of base type, &(ampersand) and reference variable name. e.g. type & ref_var = variable name;

SOLUTION

The data type short takes two bytes of storage in the memory. It is also used to store integer values.

SOLUTION

Derived datatype can be derived from fundamental datatype. Arrays is one of the derived data type.

SOLUTION

The void type specifies an empty set of values. It is used as the return type for the functions that do not return a value.

SOLUTION

float and double float used to represent fractional-point number.

SOLUTION

The setprecision function can be used to set the maximum number of digits that are displayed for a number along with rounding off.

SOLUTION

Dynamic initialization is the initialization done at run time.

SOLUTION

l value is the location value. It gives the address in memory at which its data value is stored.

SOLUTION

Data type double holds twice as large memory with larger range and precision.

SOLUTION

In order to use the manipulators, you must include header file iomanip.h in your program.

SOLUTION

A variable has two associated values: (1) rvalue, which is its data value. (2) lvalue, which is its location value.

SOLUTION

Characters are implement dependent. A character represents any letter, digit, special symbols and white spaces.

SOLUTION

The operator & is used to find the address, associated with a variable. The syntax of the reference operator is as follows: & variablename.

SOLUTION

In order to define pointer variables, the programmer must use the operator '*' before variable.

SOLUTION

C++ supports two types of comments: // for single line comments and /* */ for block of code or multiple line.

SOLUTION

A empty class has no variable declarations, no functions or methods but the objects of these classes can have non–zero size.

SOLUTION

Procedural programming aims at procedures. It is a list of instructions telling a computer, step by step, what to do, usually having a linear order of execution, from the first statement to the last.

SOLUTION

The delete operator( )deallocates a block of memory. The argument must be a pointer to a block of memory previously allocated for an object, created with the new operator. The delete operator has a result of type void and therefore, does not return a value.

SOLUTION

The new keyword allocates memory for an object, or array of objects of type-name from the free store and returns a suitably typed, non-zero pointer to the object.

SOLUTION

* is value at address operator. Thus, it displays the value pointed by pointer a.

SOLUTION

C++ provides two unary arithmetic operators-unary plus and unary minus. Unary operators operate on only one operand, which could be a constant or a variable.

SOLUTION

Identifiers can start with "_", but not digits. Identifier is an arbitrarily long sequence of letters and digits. Upper and lower case are different. Single character constants have type int.

SOLUTION

Invariant program elements are called "literals" or "constants." The terms "literal" and "constant" are used interchangeably here. OxFE is an integer constant.

SOLUTION

'n' sends the new line character, so it is a escape sequence for new line.

SOLUTION

Every function in c++ has its code within curly braces { }

SOLUTION

Object oriented systems use bottom up approach. It uses concept of objects and classes.The execution would be bottom up approach because the main function is in the bottom.

SOLUTION

Arrays refer to a named list of a finite number n of similar data elements.

SOLUTION

C++ offers two types of data types: (1)Fundamental data types (2)Derived data types

SOLUTION

The header file iostream.h contains 2 files : istream and ostream. These have libraries of code, which we may insert in the program, by using as a reference in the top block.

SOLUTION

Vectors in C++ consists of only integers and floating-point numbers.They can be resized during the execution of the program.

SOLUTION

Logical operators are (&&,||,!) , arithmetic operators are (+,-,*,/,%),and Relational operator is (==, <=, >=).

SOLUTION

Keywords are reserved words. They cannot be used as identifier names. It is illegal in C++.

SOLUTION

A "floating constant" is a decimal number that represents a signed real number. The representation of a signed real number includes an integer portion, a fractional portion, and an exponent. Use floating constants to represent floating-point values that cannot be changed.

SOLUTION

Fundamental (atomic) data types are those that are not composed of other data types. The five fundamental data types are : int data type, char data type, float data type, double data type and void data type.

SOLUTION

There are 2 types of conversions available in C++ i.e. implicit and explicit conversions. Implicit conversions are performed by compilers in those expressions, which have mixed data types.

SOLUTION

A data type is a class, which defines the class members, their properties and the operations, which can be performed on the members. For example, int is a class of integers defining arithmetic operations on members.